Race,empire and the welfare state: council housing and racism

Cccs , The Empire Strikes Back, London: Hutchinson, 1982, p.9.

Joshi, S. and Carter, B. 'The Role of Labour in the Creation of a Racist Britain', Race and Class, XXV, 3. 1985, pp.69-70.

Thane, P. The Foundations of the Welfare State, London: Longman, 1982, p.83.

Report of the Race Relations Board for 1971-72, London: HMSO, 1972, p.58.

Richmond, A.H. The Colour Problem, Harmondsworth : Penguin, 1955, p.254.

Fraser, D. The Evolution of the British Welfare State, London : Macmillan, 1975, p.137.

Wilson, E. Women and the Welfare State, London: Tavistock, 1977, p.102.

Lenin, V.I. Lenin on the National and Colonial Questions, Peking: Foreign Languagese Press, 1970, p.28.

ibid, p.36.

In response the Indian delegate, Lajpat Rai, said of the Labour Party, 'By your present attitude you are throwing the whole of the coloured peoples of the world in the scales against you in the struggle aginst capitalism'. Quoted by R. Palme Dutt, 'Racialism and Reaction', Labour Monthly, 50, 6, 1968, p.249.

Saville, J. 'The Welfare State: an Historical Approach', New Reasoner , No 3, 1957-58, p.16.

Stedman Jones, G. Languages of Class: Studies in English Working Class History, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983. p.246.

Lenin, V.I. Selected Works, London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1969, p.264.

Palme Dutt , op. cit, p.248.

Eatwell, R. The 1945-1951 Labour Government, London: Batsford, 1979, p.79.

ibid.

For a useful, brief summary of Labour's imperialism see: Coates K. and Bell, G. New Socialist, No 6, July/August, 1982.

Miliband, R. Parliamentary Socialism, London: Merlin, 1973, p.304.

Brett, T. , Gilliatt, S. and Pople, A. 'Planned Trade, Labour Party Policy and US Intervention: The Successes and Failures of Post-War Reconstruction', History Workshop , 13, 1982, p.138.

Brett , et al, op. cit, p.140.

ibid p.138

Wilson , op. cit, p.148.

Davin, A. 'Imperialism and Motherhood', History Workshop 5, 1978, p.14.

Macnicol, J. 'Family Allowances and Less Eligibility', in P. Thane , (ed) The Origins of British Social Policy, London: Croom Helm, 1978, p.173.

Hubback, E.M. The Population of Britain, West Drayton: Penguin, 1947, p.283.

ibid p.115.

Titmus, R.M. Problems of Population, Association for Education in Citizenship, London: English Universities Press, 1943, p.9.

Quoted by Davin, op. cit, p.23.

Hubback , op. cit, p.114.

ibid. p.244.

ibid. p. 246.

Joshi and Carter , op. cit, p.59.

The Directorate of Army Education, The British Way and Purpose, Consolidated edition of BWP Booklets 1-18, 1944, p.485.

ibid. p.489.

Eatwell betrays an appalling lack of understanding of the nature of neo-colonialism when he writes: 'there was not unreasonable belief that economic and social development had to precede independence'. Eatwell, op. cit, p.79.

Segal, R. The Race War, Harmondsworth, Penguin , 1967, p.300.

Quoted in Foot, P. Immigration and Race in British Politics, Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1965, p.161.

Sivanandan, A. 'Race, Class and The State: The Black Experience in Britain', Race and Class, XVII, 4, 1976, p.352.

Castells, M. 'Immigrant Workers and Class Struggle in Advanced Capitalism: The Western European Experience', Politics and Society, 5, 1, 1975, p.52.

Gorz, A. 'Immigrant Labour', New Left Review, 61, 1970, p.30.

Sivanandan, A. 'From Resistance to Rebellion: Asian and Afro-Cribbean Struggles in Britain', Race and Class, XXIII, 2/3, 1981, 1982, p.112.

About one third of all doctors and 20 per cent of all student and pupil nurses in the NHS are from overseas. A survey of one London hospital showed that 84 per cent of catering workers were from abroad. L. Doyal, G. Hunt and J. Mellor, 'Your Life in Their Hands: Migrant Workers in the National Health Service', Critical Social Policy, 1, 2, 1981, p.54.

Carby, H.V. 'White Women Listen: Black Feminism and the Boundaries of Sisterhood', in CCCS, op. cit, p.218.

ibid p.219.

ibid and Joshi and Carter, op. cit, p.59-60.

ibid. p.61.

ibid. p.64.

ibid. p.63.

ibid. p.64.

ibid. p. 59.

Pannell, N. and Brockway, F. Immigration, What is the Answer? Two Opposite Views, London : Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1965 , p.78.

Duncan, S.S. 'The Housing Question and the Structure of the Housing Market', Journal of Social Policy, 6, 4, p.391.

Commission for Racial Equality, Race and Council Housing in Hackney, London: CRE, 1984, p.114.

Cole, G.D.H. The Intelligent Man's Guide to the Post-War World, London : Gollancz, 1947, p.447.

Merrett, S. State Housing in Britain, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979, p.239-40.

Bevan, A. Why Not Trust the Tories, London: Gollancz, 1944, p.75.

Housing Policy: a consultative document, Cmnd 6851, London : HMSO, 1977, para 3.07.

Foot, M. Aneurin Bevan, vol 2, London , Davis-Poynter, 1973, p.87.

Deacon, B. Social Policy and Socialism, London: Pluto, 1983, p.247.

Foot, op. cit, p.83.

Ball, M. Housing Policy and Economic Power, London: Methuen, 1983, p.37.

Griffiths, D. 'A housing stance for Labour', in Labour Housing Group, Right to a Home, Nottingham: Spokesman, 1984, p.20.

Melling, J. Rent Strikes, Edinburgh: Polygon , 1983, p.44.

Shirazi, M. Javady Alley, London: The Women's Press, 1984.

Forrest, R. et al, 'The Inner City: In Search of the Problem', CURS, University of Birmingham, Working Paper 64, 4-5.

ibid. p.10.

Smithies, B. and Fiddick, P. Enoch Powell on Immigration, London: Sphere 1969, p.40.

Patterson, S. Dark Strangers, Harmondsworth : Penguin, 1965, p.159.

Smith D. and Whalley, A. Racial Minorities & Public Housing, London : PEP, 1975, p.82.

ibid p.83.

Jacobs, S. The Right to a Decent House, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1976, p.42.

Quoted by Patterson , op. cit, p.159.

Ilford Recorder, 23 October 1975.

Rose, E.J.B. et al. Colour and Citizenship, London, OUP, 1969, p.693.

Central Housing Advisory Committee , Council Housing: Purposes, Procedures and Priorities, London: HMSO, 1969, p.136.

McKay, D.H. Housing and Race in Industrial Society, London : Croom Helm, 1977, p.162.

Rose et al, op. cit, p.693.

Sunday Times, 7 September 1975.

Henderson, J. and Karn, V. 'Race, Class and the Allocation of Public Housing in Britain', Urban Studies, 21, 2, 1984, p.119.

For instance, in the three London borough studies by Smith and Whalley, a black family was estimated to be about ten times as likely to become homeless as was a white family. Smith and Whalley, op. cit, p.96.

CRE, op. cit, pp.40-46.

Astonishingly, Smith and Whalley considered the origins of black homelessness beyond the scope of their study. Smith and Whalley, op. cit, p.96.

Austerberry, H. and Watson, S. 'A Woman's Place: A Feminist Approach to Housing in Britain', Feminist Review, 8, 1981, p.50.

Street, H. , et al, Anti-Discrimination Legislation, London: PEP, 1967, p.80.

CRE op. cit, p.5.

Harrison, P. Inside the Inner City, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1983, p.226.

By the middle of 1981, there were over 135,000 empty council properties in England and Wales and over a quarter of a million that councils classify as "hard to let". Ward, C. Housing: An Anarchist Approach, London: Freedom Press, 1983, p. 193.

Byrne, D.S. 'Problem Families, A Housing Lumpenproletariat ', Working Papers in Sociology, 5, University of Durham, undated, p.12.

Jacobs, S. 'Community Action and the Building of Socialism from below: A Defence of the Non-Directive Approach', Community Development Journal , 19, 4, 1984, 223-224.

Branson, N. Popularism 1919-1925, London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1979, pp232-238.

Neighbourhood News No 4 (undated), Islington Council's Decentralisation Bulletin.

For example, following a series of meetings held in Islington to consult the public on decentralisation it was found, hardly surprisingly, that 'professionals' tended to dominate while 'non-professional people, in the age group 18-40', tended 'to stay away'. In addition, the numbers from 'ethnic minority groups attending... has been small'. Unpublished report by the Neighbourhood Support Workers, presented to the Decentralisation Sub-Committee, Islington Borough Council, 30 March 1983.

The Association of Metropolitan Authorities estimate that the total investment necessary to solve the housing problem, in both the private and public sectors, now amounts to no less than £50 billion. The Guardian, 3 September 1984.