Comparing dietary patterns and weight outcomes between smokers and ex-smokers

Abstract

Background

Smoking and obesity are two major health problems that are strongly associated with chronic diseases. While weight gain after smoking cessation is well recognized, less is known about the specific dietary patterns that may drive it.

Aim

This study aimed to compare dietary patterns between smokers and ex-smokers and to examine how changes in eating behaviors relate to body weight outcomes.

Methods

We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional pilot study between May and June 2025 in two large private companies in Prishtina, Kosova. A total of 500 sedentary employees (aged 18+) participated over a six-week period. Participants completed a self-administered questionnaire that collected sociodemographic data, smoking history, and dietary patterns during smoking and after cessation.

Summary

Overall, 55% of participants were smokers (34% smoked 10–20 cigarettes/day; 10% smoked >20/day), while 45% were ex-smokers. Increased appetite after quitting smoking was reported by 81% of ex-smokers, who experienced greater overall weight gain compared to smokers, rather than weight gain limited to the thigh or chest area. Ex-smokers reported higher intake of protein-rich foods, pastries, sweets, fast food, and healthy foods, reflecting broader dietary changes after cessation. These findings indicate that increased appetite and higher consumption of pastries, sweets, and fast food among ex-smokers may be associated with weight gain. They also suggest that nutritional counseling could help manage postcessation weight gain.