Early introduction of ultra-processed foods and their repercussions on inflammatory biomarkers in children

Abstract

Background: Excessive consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) has been associated with adverse health outcomes, including increased levels of inflammatory biomarkers such as C-reactive protein (C-RP), IL-6, and TNF-α. Aims: To investigate whether the introduction of UPFs before the age of 2 years is associated with inflammatory markers in school-aged children (7–10 years). Methods: This cross-sectional study included interviews with children and their mothers conducted by a trained team. Anthropometric and biochemical data (C-RP), IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17a, IFN-γ, and TNF-α) were collected from children. Maternal reports provided information on family income, schooling, breastfeeding (exclusive up to 6 months), timing of food introduction, early exposure to UPFs (before 2 years), and birth weight. Statistical analyses included PERMANOVA and generalized estimating equations, adjusted for family income, BMI-for-age, and exclusive breastfeeding. Summary: The prevalence of early UPF introduction was higher among girls compared to boys (54.7% vs. 45.3%, P < 0.001). Children exposed to UPFs before 2 years of age had higher IL-10 levels (P = 0.002), but this association was not sustained after adjustments. Early UPF consumption (before 2 years of age) was not associated with alterations in inflammatory cytokines in children aged 7–10 years. Nevertheless, considering the established links between UPF intake, metabolic disorders, and neurodevelopmental outcomes, continuous monitoring and dietary guidance during childhood remain essential to promote lifelong health.