Background: Studies suggest that vitamin A deficiency (VAD) can cause night blindness or xerophthalmia, hepatic and metabolic changes in the blood. Aim: Therefore, this work aimed to stablish a model of hypovitaminosis A in rats and to evaluate the effects of vitamin A deficiency on metabolic and oxidative parameters in the liver of rats. Methods: Male (n = 19), Wistar, rats (21-day-old) weighing 50g, divided into two experimental groups: Control Group (C), received AIN 93G diet and Vitamin A Deficiency Group (VAD), received AIN 93G vitamin A-free diet for 45 days. In this work, the parameters analyzed were: body mass, food and water intake, biochemical aspects in the blood, lipids and glycogen content, lipid peroxidation, carbonyl proteins and catalase activity in the liver. Results: In the VAD group, final body mass (9%), liver mass (28%), glycemia (14%), Total -cholesterol (17%), HDL -cholesterol (31%) and VLDL -cholesterol (30%) showed reduced (p < 0.05). The liver lipid (64%) and glyceride-fatty acid (74%) contents were higher in the VAD group. The carbonyl proteins in liver were increased by 171% (p < 0.05). Conclusion: In summary, these results suggest that the absence of vitamin A from the diet was effective in inducing characteristics of hypovitaminosis A in rats. This way, can be used for studies related to glucose and lipid metabolism.
AebiH (1984) Catalase in vitro. Methods in Enzymology105: 121–126.
2.
AlmeidaBB (2014) Efeitos metabólicos da combinação de triglicerídeos de cadeia média e óleo de peixe na esteatose hepática e estresse oxidativo induzidos pela dieta hiperlipídica termolizada em ratos. Tese (Doutorado em Clínica Médica) - Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto.
3.
AnzanoMALambAJOlsonJA (1979) Growth, appetite, sequence of pathological signs, and survival following the induction of rapid, synchronous vitamin A deficiency in rats. Journal of Nutrition109(8): 1419–1431.
4.
Aparecida de FrançaSSantosMPCostaRV, et al. (2014) Low-protein, high-carbohydrate diet increases glucose uptake and fatty acid synthesis in brown adipose tissue of rats. Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.)30(4): 473–480.
5.
ArrudaSFSiqueiraEMAValenciaFF (2009) Vitamin A deficiency increases hepcidin expression and oxidative stress in rats. Nutrition25: 472–478.
6.
BarberTEsteban-PretelGMarínMP, et al. (2014) Vitamin A deficiency and alterations in the extracellular matrix. Nutrients6(11): 4984–5017.
7.
BlaizotSBonmortJGarcinH, et al. (1978) Glycemia and insulinemia in vitamin A-deficient rats after glucose administration. Annales de la Nutrition et de l'alimentation32: 93–109.
8.
BradfordMM (1976) A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry72(1–2): 248–254.
9.
BRASIL (2013) Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Atenção à Saúde. Departamento de Atenção Básica. Manual de condutas gerais do Programa Nacional de Suplementação de Vitamina A / Ministério da Saúde, Secretaria de Atenção à Saúde, Departamento de Atenção Básica. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde.
10.
CarrollNVLonglayRWRoeJH (1956) The determination of glycogen in liver and muscle by use of anthrone reagents. Journal of Biological Chemistry220(2): 583–593.
11.
ChenWChenG (2014) The role of vitamin A in the regulation of carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism. Journal of Clinical Medicine3(2): 453–479.
12.
ChertowBSBlanerWSBaranetskyNG, et al. (1987) Effects of vitamin A deficiency and repletion on rat insulin secretion in vivo and in vitro from isolated islets. Journal of Clinical Investigation79(1): 163–169.
13.
DawsonMI (2000) The importance of vitamin A in nutrition. Current Pharmaceutical Design6(3): 311–325.
14.
DinizAS (2001) Combate à deficiência de vitamina A: Linhas de ação e perspectivas. Revista Brasileira de Saúde Materno Infantil1: 31–36.
15.
EdemDO (2008) Vitamin A: A review. Asian Journal of Clinical Nutrition1(1): 65–82.
16.
ENANI (2019) Estudo Nacional de Alimentação e Nutrição Infantil: Resultados Preliminares – Prevalência de anemia e Deficiência de Vitamina A Entre Crianças Brasileiras de 6 a 59 Meses. Rio de Janeiro: UFRJ, 28.
17.
Esteban-PretelGMarínMPCabezueloF, et al. (2010) Vitamin A deficiency increases protein catabolism and induces urea cycle enzymes in rats. Journal of Nutrition140(4): 792–798.
18.
FernandesGW (2013) Papel do receptor adrenérgico beta 1 no desenvolvimento da doença hepática não alcoólica. Dissertação (Mestrado), Universidade Federal de São Paulo. Escola Paulista de Medicina. Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Translacional.
19.
FolchJLeesMSloane StanleyGH (1957) A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipides from animal tissues. Journal of Biological Chemistry226(1): 497–509.
20.
FriedewaldWTLevyRIFredricksonDS (1972) Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clinical Chemistry18(6): 499–502.
21.
GaticaLAlvarezSGomezN, et al. (2005) Vitamin A deficiency induces a pro-oxidant environment and inflammation in the rat aorta. Free Radical Research39(6): 621–628.
22.
HaroDMarreroPFRelatJ (2019) Nutritional regulation of gene expression: carbohydrate-, fat -, and amino acid-dependent modulation of transcriptional activity. International Journal of Molecular Sciences20(6): 1386.
23.
HoltEWWeiEKBennettN, et al. (2014) Low skin carotenoid concentrations measured by resonance Raman spectroscopy are associated with metabolic syndrome in adults. Nutrition Research34(10): 821–826.
24.
HuangJWeinsteinSJYuK, et al. (2018) Serum beta-carotene and overall and cause-specific mortality. Circulation Research123(12): 1339–1497.
25.
IynedjianPB (2009) Molecular physiology of mammalian glucokinases. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences66(1): 27–42.
26.
KangHWBhimidiGROdomDP, et al. (2007) Altered lipid catabolism in the vitamin A deficient liver. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology271(1–2): 18–27.
27.
KhannaAReddyTS (1983) Effect of undernutrition and vitamin A deficiency on the phospholipid composition of rat tissues at 21 days of age – I. Liver, spleen and kidney. Int J Vitam Nutr Res53(1): 3–8.
28.
KuangHWeiCHWangT, et al. (2019) Vitamin A status affects weight gain and hepatic glucose metabolism in rats fed a high-fat diet. Biochemistry and Cell Biology97(5): 545–553.
29.
LevineRLWilliams JAStadtmanEP, et al. (1994) Carbonyl assays for determination of oxidatively modified proteins. Methods in Enzymology233: 346–357.
30.
LiYLiRChenW, et al. (2016) Vitamin A status and its metabolism contribute to the regulation of hepatic genes during the cycle of fasting and refeeding in rats. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry30: 33–43.
31.
LobatoJMCostaDDDLimaDO, et al. (2020) Carotenóides na prevenção e no tratamento da síndrome metabólica / carotenóides na prevenção e tratamento da síndrome metabólica. Brazilian Journal of Health Review3: 332.
32.
LunaRCPCostaMJC (2013) Vitamina A e sua relação com níveis glicêmicos: Aspectos metabólicos e perspectivas na prevenção da disglicemia. Revista Brasileira de Nutrição Clínica28: 141.
33.
MartinsAPRMasquioDCL (2019) O papel da vitamina A na saúde materno-fetal: Uma revisão bibliográfica. REAS/EJCH20: 1–9.
34.
MooreT (1937) Vitamin A and carotene: the vitamin A reserve of the adult human being in health and disease. Biochemical Journal31(1): 155–164.
35.
NogueiraTBBAlvesTOMedinaTS, et al. (2019) Acessibilidade, biodisponibilidadee consumo de alimentos fontes de carotenoides e vitamina A em crianças de até 5 anos. SEMEAR1: 1–13.
36.
OliveiraMFMartinsCA (2017) Importância nutricional da alimentação complementar. Revista Ciências Nutricionais Online1: 36–45.
37.
OliverosLBDomeniconiMAVegaVA, et al. (2007) Vitamin A deficiency modifies lipid metabolism in rat liver. British Journal of Nutrition97(2): 263–272.
38.
PercárioSVitalACCJablonkaF (1994) Dosagem do malondialdeido. Newslab2(6): 46–50.
39.
ReboulE (2013) Absorption of vitamin A and carotenoids by enterocytes: focus on transport proteins. Nutrients5(9): 3563–3581.
40.
ReddyMRGKumarMSAcharyaV, et al. (2019) Vitamin A deficiency increases oleic acid (C18:1) levels in the kidneys of high-fructose diet-fed rats. Indian Journal of Medical Research150(6): 620–629.
41.
ReevesPGNielsenFHFaheyGCJr (1993) AIN-93 purified diets for laboratory rodents: Final report of the American Institute of Nutrition ad hoc writing committee on the reformulation of the AIN-76A rodent diet. Journal of Nutrition123(11): 1939–1951.
42.
SainiRKSivanesanIKeumYS (2019) Emerging roles of carotenoids in the survival and adaptation of microbes. Indian Journal of Microbiology59(1): 125–127.
43.
Sánchez-RodríguezMSantiago-OsorioEVargasLA, et al. (2004) Propuesta de un constructo para evaluar integralmente el estrés oxidativo. Bioquimia29: 81–90.
44.
SommerA (2008) Vitamin A deficiency and clinical disease: A historical overview. Journal of Nutrition138(10): 1835–1839.
45.
TrasinoSEBenoitYDGudasLJ (2015) Vitamin A deficiency causes hyperglycemia and loss of pancreatic β-cell mass. Journal of Biological Chemistry290(3): 1456–1473.
46.
WangTTangXHuX, et al. (2022) Reduction in the dietary VA Status prevents type 2 diabetes and obesity in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. Biomolecules12(4): 528.
47.
WangYZolfaghariRRossAC (2002) Cloning of rat cytochrome P450RAI (CYP26) cDNA and regulation of its gene expression by all-trans-retinoic acid in vivo. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics401(2): 235–243.
48.
WestKPJRDjunaediEPandjiA, et al. (1988) Vitamin A supplementation and growth: A randomized community trial. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition48(5): 1257–1264.
49.
WHO (2009) Global Prevalence of Vitamin A Deficiency in Populations at Risk 1995–2005. WHO Global Database on Vitamin A Deficiency. Geneva: World Health Organization.
50.
WissOWissV (1980) Alterations of the lipid metabolism of rat liver as early symptoms of vitamin A deficiency. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research50(3): 233–237.
51.
ZhangYLiRLiY, et al. (2012) Vitamin A status affects obesity development and hepatic expression of key genes involved in fuel metabolism in zucker fatty rats. Biochemistry and Cell Biology90(4): 548–557.
