In the recent times, researchers have shown an increased interest in positive psychological capital (PsyCap). However, it is acknowledged that due to the limited number of studies conducted on the antecedents of psychological capital, there is a lack of sufficient data for conclusively proving the antecedents of PsyCap. Consequently, this article aims to explore the potential antecedents of PsyCap as a reliable source of data in the context of rural school teachers. The focus is to investigate both the individual differences and the contextual factors as desirable variables that constitute PsyCap among the school teachers of rural Jharkhand, India. Samples of 1,120 respondents from different rural schools were collected and analysed with Structural Equation Modeling (AMOS 20.0). The findings of the study explained that both the individual differences (proactive personality and emotional intelligence) and the contextual factors (perceived organizational support, servant leadership and meaningful work) have a positive relationship with PsyCap. The impact of PsyCap on teacher performance can form the basis for further research on the subject.
AndersonJ., & GerbingD. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411–423. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.540.4887&rep=rep1&type=pdf
2.
AveyJ. B. (2014). The left side of psychological capital: New evidence on the antecedents of PsyCap. Journal of Leadershiop and Organizational Sutudies, 2(2), 141–149. https://doi.org/10.1177/1548051813515516
3.
AveyJ. B., ReichardR. J., LuthansF., & MhatreK. H. (2011). Meta-analysis of the impact of positive psychological capital on employee attitudes, behaviors, and performance. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 22(2), 127–152. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.20070
4.
BoehmJ. K., ChenY., WilliamsD. R., RyffC., & KubzanskyL. D. (2015). Unequally distributed psychological assets: Are there social disparities in optimism, life satisfaction, and positive affect?PLoS ONE, 10(2), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0118066
5.
BoshoffC. (1999). Recovsat: An instrument to measure satisfaction with transaction-specific service recovery. Journal of Service Research, 1(3), 236–249. https://doi.org/10.1177/109467059913005
6.
BożekA. (2015). Positive psychological capital concept: A critical analysis in the context of participatory management. Management and Business Administration. Central Europe, 23(3), 19–31. https://doi.org/10.7206/mba.ce.2084-3356.148
7.
BrislinR. W. (1970). Back-translation for cross-cultural research. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1(3), 185–216. https://doi.org/10.1177/135910457000100301
8.
ChoubisaR. (2009). A comparative analysis of positive psychological capital amongst public & private sector employees. AIMA—Journal of Management and Research, 3(3), 1–9.
9.
ClarenceM., VijuP. D., & GeorgeT. S. (2019). The Jesuit educational mission in rural Chotanagpur, India: Historical achievements and contemporary challenges. International Studies in Catholic Education, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/19422539.2019.1691826
10.
CogginsE., & BocarneaM. (2015). The impact of servant leadership to followers’ psychological capital: A comparative study of evangelical christian leader–follower relationships in the United States and Cambodia. Journal of Leadership, Accountability and Ethics, 12(4), 111–145. http://www.na-businesspress.com/JLAE
11.
CrantJ. M. (2000). Proactive behavior in organizations. Journal of Management, 26(3), 435–462. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920630002600304
12.
DollwetM., & ReichardR. (2014). Assessing cross-cultural skills: Validation of a new measure of cross-cultural psychological capital. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25(12), 1669–1696. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2013.845239
13.
DuttaS., & KhatriP. (2017). Servant leadership and positive organizational behaviour: The road ahead to reduce employees’ turnover intentions. On the Horizon, 25(1), 60–82. https://doi.org/10.1108/OTH-06-2016-0029
EkkaV. R., & GuptaR. (2017). Achievements and challenges of education in Jharkhand: An analysis of elementary education. Jharkhand Journal of Social Development, 10(1), 51–59.
17.
FredricksonB. L. (2004). The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, (359), 1367–1377. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2004.1512
18.
FriendS. B., JohnsonJ. S., LuthansF., & SohiR. S. (2016). Positve psychology in sales: Integrating psycholigcal capital. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 24(3), 306–327. https://doi.org/10.1080/10696679.2016.1170525
19.
GerbingD. W., & AndersonJ. C. (1988). An updated paradigm for scale development incorporating unidimensionality and its assessment. Journal of Marketing Research, 25(2), 186. https://doi.org/10.2307/3172650
20.
GoI (1964). Kothari Commission 1964. Report of the Education Commission, Ministry of Education, New Delhi. https://archive.org/details/ReportOfTheEducationCommission1964-66D.S.KothariReport/page/n571/mode/2up
21.
GoI (2019). Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) 2019. Pratham Education Foundation, New Delhi. https://img.asercentre.org/docs/ASER%202019/ASER2019%20report%20/nationalfindings.pdf
22.
GoI (2020). National Education Policy 2020. Government of India, Ministry of Human Resource Development, New Delhi. https://www.mhrd.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/nep/NEP_Final_English.pdf
23.
GuptaV., & SinghS. (2014). Psychological capital as a mediator of the relationship between leadership and creative performance behaviors: Empirical evidence from the Indian R&D sector. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25(10), 1373–1394. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2013.870311
24.
HairJ. F., RingleC. M., & SarstedtM. (2013). Partial least squares structural equation modeling: Rigorous applications, better results and higher acceptance. Long Range Planning, 46(1–2), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2013.01.001
25.
HobfollS. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress conservation of resources a new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44(3), 513–524. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.44.3.513
26.
HsiaoC., LeeY. H., & ChenW. J. (2015). The effect of servant leadership on customer value co-creation: A cross-level analysis of key mediating roles. Tourism Management, 49, 45–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.02.012
27.
HuiQ., CaoX., LouL., & HeH. (2014). Empirical research on the influence of organizational support on psychological capital. American Journal of Industrial and Business Management, 4(April), 182–189. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajibm.2014.44025
28.
KalmanM., & SummakM. S. (2017). Revitalizing the HERO within teachers: An analysis of the effects of the PsyCap development training. The Qualitative Report, 22(3), 655–682.
29.
KhanA. (2013). Predictors of positive psychological strengths and subjective well-being among North Indian adolescents: Role of mentoring and educational encouragement. Social Indicators Research, 114(3), 1285–1293. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-012-0202-x
30.
KimM., KimA. C. H., NewmanJ. I., FerrisG. R., & PerrewéP. L. (2019). The antecedents and consequences of positive organizational behavior: The role of psychological capital for promoting employee well-being in sport organizations. Sport Management Review, 22(1), 108–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2018.04.003
31.
KimM., PerrewéP. L., KimY. kyoum, & KimA. C. H. (2017). Psychological capital in sport organizations: Hope, efficacy, resilience, and optimism among employees in sport (HEROES). European Sport Management Quarterly, 17(5), 659–680. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2017.1344284
32.
KingdonG. G., Sipahimalani-RaoV., SarupV., KaulA., RaoN., SinghR. P., & KumarK. (2010). Para-teachers in India: Status and impact. Economic and Political Weekly, 45(12), 59–67.
33.
KumarA. (2008). Education of tribal children in Jharkhand: A situational analysis. Jharkhand Journal of Development and Management Studies, 6(4), 3111–3123.
34.
KunduP. (2019). Deteriorating quality of education in schools. Economic & Political Weekly, 54, 34–41.
35.
LavyS., & Naama-ghanayimE. (2020). Why care about caring ? Linking teachers’ caring and sense of meaning at work with students’ self-esteem, well-being, and school. Teaching and Teacher Education, 91, 103046. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2020.103046
36.
LiB., MaH., GuoY., XuF., YuF., & ZhouZ. (2014). Positive psychological capital: A new approach to social support and subjective well-being. Social Behavior and Personality, 42(1), 135–144. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2014.42.1.135
37.
LidenR. C., WayneS. J., MeuserJ. D., HuJ., WuJ., & LiaoC. (2015). Servant leadership: Validation of a short form of the SL-28. Leadership Quarterly, 26(2), 254–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2014.12.002
38.
LidenR. C., WayneS. J., ZhaoH., & HendersonD. (2008). Servant leadership: Development of a multidimensional measure and multi-level assessment. Leadership Quarterly, 19(2), 161–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2008.01.006
39.
LorenzT., BeerC., PützJ., & HeinitzK. (2016). Measuring psychological capital: Construction and validation of the compound PsyCap scale (CPC-12). Plos ONE, 11(4), e0152892. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0152892
40.
LuthansF., AvolioB. J., AveyJ. B., & NormanS. M. (2007). Positive psychological capital: Measurement and relationship with performance and satisfaction positive. Personal Psychology, 60, 541–572.
41.
LuthansF., Youssef-MorganC. M., & AvolioB. J. (2015). Psychological capital and beyond. Oxford University Press.
42.
LuthansF., & Youssef-MorganC. M. (2017). Psychological capital: An evidence-based positive approach. The Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behaviour. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032516-113324
43.
LuthansF., & YoussefC. M. (2007). Emerging positive organizational behavior. Journal of Management, 33(3), 321–349. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206307300814
44.
LuthansF., & YoussefC. M. (2004). Human, social, and now positive psychological capital management: Investing in people for competitive advantage. Organizational Dynamics, 33(2), 143–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2004.01.003.
45.
MohalikR., & SethyR. (2018). Status of secondary education in Jharkhand in the context of RMSA. Education India Journal, 7(3), 134–154.
46.
MohammadiS. M., ZahirA. T., GhourchianN. G., & JafariP. (2015). Surveying the effect of emotional intelligence and meta-cognition on psychological capital of high school teachers in Boushehr Province. American Journal of Educational Research, 3(10), 1267–1269. https://doi.org/10.12691/education-3-10-9
47.
MohantyN., & KolheS. M. (2016). Understanding psychological capital: Research perspectives. Indian Journal of Positive Psychology, 7(4), 485–494.
48.
MónicoL., MellãoN., Nobre-LimaL., ParreiraP., & CarvalhoC. (2016). Emotional intelligence and psychological capital: What is the role of workplace spirituality?Revista Portuguesa de Enfermagem de Saúde Mental, 3(Spe. 3), 45–50. https://doi.org/10.19131/rpesm.0116
49.
PillayK., BuitendachJ. H., & KanengoniH. (2014). Psychological capital, job demands and organisational commitment of employees in a call centre in Durban, South Africa. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 14(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhrm.v12i1.599
50.
PlessisY., & BarkhuizenN. (2012). Psychological capital, a requisite for organisational performance in South Africa. SAJEMS, 15, 16–30. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v15i1.122
51.
PodsakoffP. M., & OrganD. W. (1986). Self-reports in organizational research: Problems and prospects. Journal of Management, 12(4), 531–544. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920638601200408
52.
PradhanR. K., JenaL. K., & BhattacharyaP. (2016). Impact of psychological capital on organizational citizenship behavior: Moderating role of emotional intelligence. Cogent Business & Management, 3(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2016.1194174
53.
RustagiP., & MenonR. (2013). Literacy and elemenatary education status in Jharkhand: Challenges to universalisation. Journal of Economic & Social Development (2). http://www.iesd.org.in/jesd/Journalpdf/2013-IX-2PreetRustagiandRajiniMenon.pdf
54.
RyanR., & DeciE. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. The American Psychologist, 55(1), 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68
55.
SahooB. C., & SiaS. K. (2015). Psychological capital and organisational commitment: Nature, structure and relationship in an Indian sample. Asia-Pacific Journal of Management Research and Innovation, 11(3), 230–244. https://doi.org/10.1177/2319510X15588386
56.
SalagameK. K. (2014). Positive psychology and Indian psychology: Birds of the same feather. Psychological Studies, 59(2), 116–118. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12646-014-0258-6
57.
SaloveyP., & MayerJ. D. (1989). Emotional intelligence. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 9(3), 185–211. https://doi.org/10.2190/DUGG-P24E-52WK-6CDG
58.
SarwarH., NadeemK., & AftabJ. (2017). The impact of psychological capital on project success mediating role of emotional intelligence in construction organizations of Pakistan. Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research, 7(1), 22. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40497-017-0080-4
59.
SeibertS. E., GrantJ. M., & KraimerM. L. (1999). Proactive personality and career success. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84(3), 416–426. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.84.3.416
60.
ShahnawazM. G., & JafriH. (2009). Psychological capital as predictors of organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behaviour. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 35, 78–84.
61.
SinghS., & Mansi (2009). Psychological capital as predictor of psychological well being. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 35(2), 233–238.
62.
SinhaJ. B. P. (2014). Psycho-social analysis of the Indian mindset. Springer India. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1804-3
63.
SrivastavaU. R., & MauryaV. (2017). Organizational and individual level antecedents of psychological capital and its associated outcomes: Development of a conceptual framework. Management and Labour Studies, 42(3), 1–32. https://doi.org/10.1177/0258042X17718739
64.
StegerM., DikB., & ShimY. (2005). Measuring satisfaction and meaning at work. The Oxford Handbook of Positive Psychology Assessment, 1–11. http://www.michaelfsteger.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Steger-Dik-Shim-assessing-PP-chapter-in-press.pdf
65.
StegerM. F., DikB. J., & DuffyR. D. (2012). Measuring meaningful work: The Work and Meaning, Inventory (WAMI). Journal of Career Assessment, 20(3), 322–337. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072711436160
66.
WangY., TsaiC. H., TsaiF. S., HuangW., & de la CruzS. M. (2018). Antecedent and consequences of psychological capital of entrepreneurs. Sustainability (Switzerland), 10(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103717
67.
WongC.-S., & LawK. S. (2002). The effect of leader and follower emotional intelligence on performance and attitude: An exploratory study. Leadership Quarterly, 13. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(02)00099-1
