The purpose of this study was to compare attitudes and practices among general music teachers in Japan (n = 135) and the USA (n = 136) concerning the integration of music with other academic subjects. Teachers completed a researcher-designed questionnaire, and results revealed significant differences in both areas. Music teachers from the USA obtained higher attitude ratings towards the use of music integration, while music teachers in Japan integrated music with other subjects to a lesser extent. Teachers in both countries were most likely to integrate music with reading, language, science and math. History and social science integration with music was the least common area of integration among Japanese music teachers, while among American music teachers the practice of integrating music into history and social science content was more common. Several of the attitude correlations (i.e. science and mathematics integration, art integration) were not significantly related among Japanese teachers.
Anderson, W.M. , & Lawrence, J.E. (1998). Integrating music into the elementary classroom. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth .
2.
Andrews, L.D. (1997). Effects of an integrated reading and music instructional approach on fifth-grade students' reading achievement, reading attitude, music achievement, and music attitude . Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of North Carolina at Greensboro . Dissertation Abstracts International, 58, 1228A .
3.
Barrett, J.R. (2001). Interdisciplinary work and musical integrity . Music Educators Journal, 87(5), 27—31 .
4.
Barrett, J.R. , McCoy, C.W. , & Veblen, K.K. (1997). Sound ways of knowing: Music in the interdisciplinary curriculum. New York: Schirmer/Wadsworth .
5.
Blackburn, K. , & White, D. (1983). Measurement, mathematics, and music. ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 231 664.
6.
Bracken, K.R. (1997). Integrating classical music into the elementary social studies curriculum . Social Studies Journal, 26, 36—42 .
7.
Burton, L.H. (2001). Interdisciplinary curriculum: Retrospect and prospect . Music Educators Journal, 87(5), 17—21 .
8.
Cangemi, J.A. , & Aucoin, L. (1996). Global thematic units are passports to learning . Social Education, 60(2), 80—81 .
9.
Cassio, C.J. (1991). (Ed.). Colorado multicultural resources for arts education: Dance, music, theatre, and visual art. ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 353 165.
10.
Collett, M.J. (1991). Read between the lines: Music as a basis for learning . Music Educators Journal, 78(3), 42—45 .
11.
Cornett, C.E. (1999). The arts as meaning makers: Integrating literature and the arts throughout the curriculum. Des Moines, IA : MerrillPrentice-Hall .
12.
Dienes, Z.P. (1987). Lessons involving music, language, and mathematics . Journal of Mathematical Behavior, 6(2), 171—181 .
13.
Dunn, P.C. (1995). Integrating the arts: Renaissance and reformation in arts education . Arts Education Policy Review, 96(4), 32—37 .
14.
Ellis, A.K. , and Fouts, J.T. (2001). Interdisciplinary curriculum: The research base . Music Educators Journal, 87(5), 22—26 .
15.
Fogarty, R. , & Stoehr, J. (1995). Integrating curricula with multiple intelligences: Teams, themes, & threads. Palentine, IL: Skylight .
16.
Fortner, R.W. (1997). Arts and sciences: A natural connection . Science Activities, 34(3), 3—4 .
17.
Fukami, Y. (2000). A possibility of musical activities utilizing multimedia: A report of practice in `period of integrated studies' . Ongaku Kyoikugaku (Bulletin of the Japanese Music Education Society), 30(3), 27—32 .
18.
Garmulewicz, L.I. (1986). Art and music: The essential aesthetic components of holistic environmental education. ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 266 936.
19.
Gregory, J.K. (1995). Improvisation and integration of the arts at the Pecs Free School of Arts in Hungary . Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Northern Colorado . Dissertation Abstracts International, 57(2), 617A .
20.
Griffiths, R. (1975). Making musical instruments as a springboard to science and math integration . Science and Children, 13(3), 7—10 .
21.
Hamilton, D.G. (1981). Using fine art to teach science . Science and Children, 19(1), 6—10 .
22.
Hill-Clarke, K.Y. , & Robinson, N.R. (2002). Locomotion and literacy: Effective strategies to enhance literacy instruction . Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the National Council of Teachers of English (92nd, Atlanta, GA, November 21—26, 2002). ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 474 066.
23.
Kanamoto, M. , & Yoshizaki, S. (2003). A proposal on integrated study and music . Ongaku Kyoikuushi Kenkyu (Studies of Music Education History), 6, 39—42 .
24.
Kapp, B.M. (1991). A magic carpet trip to learning geography . Journal of Geography, 90(4), 174—78 .
25.
Kitts, R. (1996). Music and mathematics . Humanistic Mathematics Network Journal, 14, 23—29 .
26.
Laughlin, M.K. , & Street, T.P. (1992). Literature-based art and music: Children's books and activities to enrich the K-5 curriculum. Phoenix, AZ : Oryx Press .
27.
Lee, M. , Lostokski, M. , & Williams, K. (2000). Diving into a schoolwide science theme . Science and Children, 38(1), 31—35 .
28.
Levene, D.B. (1993) Music through children's literature: Theme and variations. Englewood, CO: Teacher Ideas Press .
29.
Link, K.G. (1981). The arts — a missing link in the basic curriculum: A process manual to integrate the arts into the elementary school curriculum for administrators, teachers, and community members (Report No. SO 015 770) . Bennington, VT: Southwest Vermont Supervisory Union . ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 245 996.
30.
Mambo, M. , & Wheatly, S. (1992). Curriculum design: Whole language through music and art. ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 351 263.
31.
Matthews, J.L. (2001). Impact of fine arts integration on third, fourth, and fifth graders' reading achievement in an urban magnet school. Unpublished doctoral dissertation , Oklahoma State University . Dissertation Abstracts International, 62(8), 2674A .
32.
Menc. (1994). The school music program: A new vision. The K-12 national standards, PreK standards, and what they mean to music educators. Reston, VA: Music Educators National Conference .
33.
Mext. (1998). National curriculum standards reform for kindergarten, elementary school, lower and upper secondary school and schools for the visually disabled, the hearing impaired and the otherwise disabled. Tokyo: Ministry of Education , Culture, Sports and Technology.
34.
Mext. (2000). Gakushushidōyōryō shogakkouhen. (The national course of study: elementary school). Tokyo: Ministry of Education , Culture, Sports and Technology.
35.
Mikow-Porto, V.A. (1998). Improving basic education for all learners: The role of arts education. ERIC Document Reproduction Service, ED 429 917.
36.
Miller, B.E. (1996). Integrating elementary general music: A collaborative action research study . Bulletin of the Council for Research in Music Education, 130, 100—115 .
37.
Miller, S.D. , & Brand, M. (1983). Music of other cultures in the classroom . Social Studies, 74(2), 62—64 .
38.
Mizukoshi, T. (1997). Trends of integrating subjects and school music education . Ongaku Kyoikugaku (Bulletin of the Japanese Music Education Society), 27(2), 18—23 .
39.
Nelson, J.T. (1993). The sound of music: Linking music and geography skills . Southern Social Studies Journal, 19(1), 11—19 .
40.
Nishizono, Y. , & Kojima, R. (1998). (Eds). Sogotekina gakushu to ongaku hyogen (Integrated subject studies and musical expression). Nagoya: Reimeishobo .
41.
Nolan, E. (1995). The ideal: Closer than you think . Teaching Music, 2(4), 32—33 , 48 .
42.
O'Brien, B.C. (1978). Tapestry: Interrelationships of the arts in reading and language development. ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 177479.
43.
Ogawa, M. (2004). Music teacher education in Japan: Structure, problems, and perspectives. Philosophy of MusicEducation Review, 12(2), 139—153 .
44.
Patterson, J.L. (1991). Putting pop in its place: Using popular music in the teaching of geography . New Zealand Journal of Geography , 92, 18—19 .
45.
Reeves, H.R. (1978). Building basic skills with music . Music Educators Journal, 65(1), 74—79 .
46.
Renegar, S.L. (1986). Reading and music: Take note. ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 315 735.
47.
Robinson, M.P. , & Bussell, V. (1992). Using music to teach US history. GeorgiaSocial Science Journal, 23(2), 19—23 .
48.
Roucher, N. , & Lovano-Kerr, J. (1995). Can the arts maintain integrity in interdisciplinary learning ? Arts Education Policy Review , 96(4), 20—25 .
49.
Rozmajzl, M. , & Boyer-Alexander, R. (1999). Music fundamentals, methods, and materials for the elementary classroom teacher. White Plains, NY: Longman .
50.
Sax, G. ( 1997). Principle of educational and psychological measurement and evaluation. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth .
51.
Schubert, M.B. , & Melnick, S.A. (1997). The arts in curriculum integration . Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Eastern Educational Research Association (Hilton Head, SC, February 21, 1997). ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 424 1 51.
52.
Smith, J.A. (1984). Four music activities to sharpen language skills . Music Educators Journal, 71(3), 52—54 .
53.
Smith, R.A. (1995). The limits and costs of integration in arts education . Arts Education Policy Review, 96(5), 21—25 .
54.
Snyder, S. (2001). Connection, correlation, and integration . Music Educators Journal, 87(5), 32—39 .
55.
Takaura, K. (1997). (Ed.). Sogogakushu no riron (A theory of Sogogakushu) . Nagoya: Reimeishobo .
56.
Truitt, C. (1998). Listening to the songs of the earth . Teaching Music, 5(4), 46—47 .
57.
Tucker, A.B. (1980). Reading and music: Can we bring them together ? Reading Improvement, 17(3), 224—225 .
58.
Veblen, K.K. , & Elliott, D.J. (2000). Integration: for or against? General MusicToday, 14(1), 4—12 .
59.
Walker, S. (1982). Title I children's program: Learning to read through the arts. Final evaluation report, 1981—82. ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 236280.
Wiggins, R.A. (2001). Interdisciplinary curriculum: Music educator concerns . Music Educators Journal, 87(5), 40—44 .
62.
Wojtan, L.S. (1985). A cultural context for Japanese education. News and Notes on the Social Sciences; Spring 1984—85. ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 266 049.
63.
Yagi, S. , & Yoshida, T. (1998). Music class: How to make Sogogakushu. Tokyo: Gakuji Shuppan .
64.
Yasso, W.E. (1991). Discovering science in art, literature, and music . Science Activities, 28(1), 10—13 .
