A scientific, rule-governed approach to solving problems suggests assumptions that (a) we need different rules for different purposes, (b) all rules are grounded in values, (c) the origins and appropriate application of particular rules are often misunderstood, (d) personal experience and the popularity of ideas are often unreliable, and (e) all truths are tentative. Each assumption is related to behavioral disorders, and a rule-governed approach to problems of living is contrasted to the approach of mules.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
CarnineD. (1998). The metamorphosis of education into a mature profession.Eugene, OR: University of Oregon, National Center to Improve the Tools of Educators.
2.
DiamondJ. (1997). Guns, germs, and steel: The fates of human societies.New York: Norton.
3.
DiamondJ. (1999, February 7). What we don't know, why we don't know it.The Washington Post, p. B3.
4.
EllisJ. J. (1999, February 7). There's no DNA in my history.The Washington Post, p. B3.
5.
GouldS. J. (1997). Questioning the millennium. A rationalist's guide to a precisely arbitrary count-down.New York: Harmony.
6.
GrossP. R. (1998). The Icarian impulse.The Wilson Quarterly, 22, 39–49.
7.
HockenburyJ. C., KauffmanJ. M., & HallahanD. P. (in press). What's right about special education.Exceptionality.
8.
KatzM. (1997). On playing a poor hand well: In-sights from the lives of those who have overcome childhood risks and adversities.New York: Norton.
9.
KauffmanJ. M. (1999a). How we prevent the prevention of emotional and behavioral disorders.Exceptional Children, 65, 448–468.
10.
KauffmanJ. M. (1999b). Today's special education and its messages for tomorrow.Journal of Special Education, 32, 244–254.
11.
KingC. I. (1999, January 30). Much ado about an n-word.The Washington Post, p. A19.
12.
KuhnT. S. (1996). The structure of scientific revolutions(3rd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
13.
PagelsE. (1995). The origins of Satan.New York: Random House.
14.
SaramagoJ. (1994). The gospel according to Jesus (trans. G. Pontiero). New York: Harcourt Brace.
15.
TolsonJ. (1998). At issue: The many and the one.The Wilson Quarterly, 22, 12.
16.
WalkerH. M. (in press). Investigating school-related behavior disorders: Lessons learned from a 30-year research career.Exceptional Children.
17.
WalkerH. M., FornessS. R., KauffmanJ. M., EpsteinM. H., GreshamF. M., NelsonC. M., & StrainP. S. (1998). Macro-social validation: Referencing outcomes in behavioral disorders to societal issues and problems.Behavioral Disorders, 24, 7–18.
18.
WilsonE. O. (1998). Consilience: The unity of knowledge.New York: Vintage.
