Receptive Nonverbal Processing Ability and Locus of Control Orientation in Children and Adolescents with Conduct Disorders

American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders—Revised. Washington, DC: Author.

Bryan T. H. (1977). Learning disabled children's comprehension of nonverbal communication. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 10, 501–506.

Bugental D. E. , Kaswan J. W. , & Love L. R. (1970). Perception of contradictory meanings conveyed by verbal and nonverbal channels. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 16, 647–655.

Colussy S. A. , & Zuroff D. C. (1985). Schizophrenic and depressed inpatients' perceptions of congruent and incongruent communication. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 41, 331–337.

Cooley E. , & Nowicki S. Jr. (1989). Discrimination and categorization of facial expressions of emotion by depressed subjects. Genetic, Social and Psychology Monographs, 115, 449–460.

Cowen E. L. , Pederson A. , Babigian H. , Izzo L. D. , & Trost M. A. (1973). Long-term follow-up of early detected vulnerable children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 41, 438–446.

Dodge K. A. (1983). Behavioral antecedents of peer social status. Child Development, 54, 1386–1399.

Ekman P. , & Freisen W. V. (1974). Nonverbal behavior and psychopathology. In Friedman R. J. , & Katz M. J. (Eds.), The psychology of depression: Contemporary theory and research (pp. 3–31). Washington DC: Winston Salem.

Elmore C. B. (1985). Emotional handicapped comprehension of nonverbal communication. Journal of Holistic Medicine, 7, 194–201.

Feinman J. A. , & Feldman R. S. (1982). Decoding children's expressions of affect. Child Development, 53, 710–716.

Furnham A. , & Steele H. (1992). Measuring locus of control: A review of general, children's health, and work-related locus of control questionnaires. London, England: University College of London, Department of Psychology.

Gard K. A. , Gard G. C. , Dosset D. , & Turone R. (1982). Accuracy in nonverbal communication as affected by trait and state anxiety. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 55, 747–753.

Hall J. A. (1978). Gender effects in decoding nonverbal cues. Psychological Bulletin, 85, 845–857.

Johnson D. J. , & Myklebust H. R. (1967). Learning disabilities: Educational principles and practices. New York: Grune & Stratton.

Kay T. E. (1983). Individual differences in children's abilities to discriminate positive and negative affect from facial cues (Doctoral dissertation, Emory University, 1983). Dissertation Abstracts International, 44, 915B.

Kendon A. (1983). Gesture and speech: How they interact. In Wiemann J. M. , & Harrison R. P. (Eds.), Nonverbal interaction (pp. 83–99). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

Lefcourt H. (1991). Locus of control. In Robinson J. P. , Shaver P. R. , & Wrightsman L. S. (Eds.), Measures of personality and social psychological attitudes (pp. 1–16). New York: Academic.

Maitland G. F. (1977). The perception of facial and vocal expressions of emotions by learning disabled, emotionally disturbed, and normal children (Doctoral dissertation, University of Alabama). Dissertation Abstracts International, 38, 5396-A.

McCauley E. , Kay T. , Ito J. , & Treder R. (1987). The Turner syndrome: Cognitive deficits, affective discrimination, and behavior problems. Child Development, 58, 464–473.

Mehrabian A. (1972). Nonverbal communication. Chicago: Atherton.

Nowicki S. Jr. (1995). A manual for the children's Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scales. Atlanta: Emory University.

Nowicki S. Jr. , & DiGirolamo A. (1989). The association of external locus of control, nonverbal processing difficulties, and emotional disturbance. Behavioral Disorders, 15, 28–35.

Nowicki S. Jr. , & Duke M. P. (1983). The Nowicki-Strickland Life-Span Locus of Control Scales: Construct validation. In Lefcourt H. (Ed.), Research with the locus of control construct (Vol. 2, pp. 17–47). New York: Academic.

Nowicki S. Jr. , & Duke M. P. (1989, April). A measure of nonverbal social processing ability in children between the ages of 6 and 10 years of age. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Society: Alexandria, VA.

Nowicki S. Jr. , & Duke M. P. (1992). Helping children who don't quite fit in: Solving the puzzle of social adjustment. Atlanta: Peachtree.

Nowicki S. Jr. , & Duke M. P. (1994). Individual differences in the nonverbal communication of affect: The Diagnostic Analysis of Nonverbal Accuracy (DANVA) scale. Journal of Nonverbal Communication, 18, 9–38.

Nowicki S. Jr. , & Strickland B. (1973). A locus of control scale for children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 40, 148–154.

Reilly S. S. , & Muzekari L. H. (1986). Effects of emotional illness and age upon the resolution of discrepant messages. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 62, 823–829.

Rotter J. B. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs, 80(1, Whole No. 609).

Rourke B. P. , Young G. C. , & Leenars A. A. (1989). A childhood learning disability that predisposes those afflicted to adolescent and adult depression and suicide risk. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 22, 169–175.

Russel R. L. , Stokes J. M. , & Snyder D. K. (1987). Predicting sensitivity to nonverbal communication from the personality inventory for children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 439–440.

Savitsky J. C. , & Czyzewski D. (1978). The reaction of adolescent offenders and nonoffenders to nonverbal emotional displays. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 6, 89–96.

Starkweather C. W. (1977). Disorders of nonverbal communication. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 43, 535–546.

Waldman I. (1990). Aggressive boys' hostile perceptual biases: The role of attention and impulsivity. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of Minnesota.

Walker E. (1981). Emotion recognition in disturbed and normal children: A research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 22, 3.

Wallbrown F. H. , Fremont T. S. , Nelson E. , Wilson J. , & Fischer J. (1979). Emotional disturbance or social misperception? An important classroom management question. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 12, 11–15.

Wechsler D. (1980). Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Revised. New York: Psychological Corporation.

Zabel R. H. (1979). Recognition of emotions in facial expressions by emotionally disturbed children and non-disturbed children. Psychology in the Schools, 16, 119–126.

Zanier D. J. (1991). The decoding of facial expressions and its relationship to compliance behavior in boys characterized as externalizers. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Windsor University, Canada.