This article explores several topics related to advocating for students with emotional and behavioral disorders. Included is a discussion of advocacy and integrity applied to the educator's work. Various misdirected advocacy positions are critiqued and a new advocacy agenda proposed focusing on program appropriateness, qualified personnel, least restrictive environment, and meaningful classification and assessment procedures.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AdelmanH. S., & TaylorL. (1994). On understanding intervention in psychology and education.Westport, CT: Praeger.
2.
Bales v. Clarke, 523 F. Supp. 1366 (E.D. Va. 1981).
3.
BensonD., CessnaK., & BorockJ. (1987). Guideline handbook for educational and related services for SIEBD students.Denver, CO: Colorado Department of Education.
4.
BloomR. B. (1981). The effects of disturbed adolescents on their teachers.Iowa Perspective, 6, 1–7.
5.
Board of Education v. Rowley, 458 U.S. 176, 102 S. Cr. 1123, 94 L. Ed. 2d 690 (1982).
6.
California Code of Regulations: Title 5 (May, 1993). Behavioral interventions for special education students. (Sections 3001 & 3052). Sacramento: CA: California State Board of Education.
7.
CarterS. (1996). Integrity.New York: Basic Books.
8.
Council for Children with Behavioral Disorders (1987). Position paper on definition and identification of students with behavioral disorders.Behavioral Disorders, 13, 9–19.
9.
Council for Children with Behavioral Disorders (1989). School discipline policies for students with significantly disruptive behavior.Behavioral Disorders, 15, 57–61.
HartwigE. P., & RueschG. M. (1994). Discipline in the school.Horsham, PA: LRP Publications.
12.
Honig V. Doe, 484 U.S. 305, 108 S. Ct. 592, L. Ed. 2d 686 (1988).
13.
HuntzeS. (1985). A position paper of the Council for Children with Behavioral Disorders.Behavioral Disorders, 10, 167–174.
14.
Illinois State Board of Education (June 1994). Behavioral interventions in schools: Guidelines for development of district policies for students with disabilities.Springfield, IL: Illinois State Board of Education.
15.
KauffmanJ. M. (1982). Social policy issues in special education and related services for emotionally disturbed children and youth. In NoelM. M., & HaringN. G. (Eds.), Progress or change: Issues in educating the emotionally disturbed, Volume I: Identification and program planning (pp. 1–10). Seattle: University of Washington.
16.
KauffmanJ. M. (1994). Places of change: Special education's power and identity in an era of educational reform.Journal of Learning Disabilities, 27, 610–618.
17.
KnitzerJ., SteinbergZ., & FleishB. (1990). At the schoolhouse door: An examination of programs and policies for children with behavioral and emotional problems.New York: Bank Street.
18.
McInerneyM., KaneM., & PelavinS. (1992). Services to children with serious emotional disturbance.Washington, DC: Pelavin Associates, Inc.
19.
McKinneyJ. D. (1987). Research on the identification of learning disabled children: Perspectives on change in educational policy. In VaughnS., & BosC. (Eds.), Research in learning disabilities: Issues and future directions.Boston, MA: College Hill Press, pp. 215–233.
20.
MoynihanD. P. (1993). Defining deviance down.The American Scholar, 62, 17–30.
21.
National Mental Health Association and The Federation of Families for Children's Mental Health (1993). All systems failure: An examination of the results of neglecting the needs of children with serious emotional disturbance.Washington, DC: National Mental Health Association.
22.
OsherD., OsherT., & SmithC. (1994). Toward a national perspective in emotional and behavioral disorders: A developmental agenda, Beyond Behavior, 6, 4–17.
23.
Peacock Hill Working Group. (1991). Problems and promises in special education and related services for children and youth with emotional or behavioral disorders.Behavioral Disorders, 16, 299–313.
24.
ReayW. (February, 1996). The rise of the unworthy.Claiming Children.Alexandria, VA: Federation of Families for Children's Mental Health.
25.
ReschlyD. J. (1996). Identification and assessment of students with disabilities.Special Education for Students with Disabilities, 6, 40–53.
26.
RezmierskiV., & RubinsteinM. F. (1982). To punish or to heal: The issues and dynamics of educating emotionally disturbed students. In SmithC. R., & WilcotsB. J. (Eds.), Iowa monograph: Current issues in behavior disorders-1982 (pp. 21–36). Des Moines, IA: Iowa Department of Public Instruction.
27.
SarasonS. B. (1990). The predictable failure of educational reform: Can we change course before it's too late?San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
28.
SassoG. (1996). How to choose interventions: Some issues to consider.Midwest Autism Newsletter, 1, 1–5.
29.
SimpsonR., & SassoG. (1992). Full inclusion of students with autism in general education settings: Values versus science.Focus on Autistic Behavior, 7, 1–13.
30.
SkrticT. M. (1993). The crisis in special education knowledge: A perspective on perspective. In MeyenE.L., VergasonG.A., & WhelanR.J. (Eds.), Challenges facing special education (pp. 165–192). Denver, CO: Love Publishing, 165–192.
31.
SmithC. R. (1994). Identification of students with attention deficit disorders in the school setting. (ADDA Monograph Series No. 205). West Newberry, MA: National Attention Deficit Disorder Association.
32.
SmithC. R. (1996). Determining eligibility and program appropriateness for students with emotional and behavioral disorders: Questions and some answers.Proceedings of 17th national institute on legal issues of educating individuals with disabilities.Horsham, PA: LRP Publications.
33.
SmithC., & DykstraD. (1988). Overview of project. In SodacD., McGinnisE., SmithC., WoodF., DykstraD., & BreesN. (Eds.), The Iowa program standards for interventions in behavioral disorders (pp. 3–9). Des Moines, IA: Iowa Department of Education.
34.
SmithC., & GrimesJ. (1985). Behavioral disorders in Iowa: An overview. In WoodF., SmithC., & GrimesJ. (Eds.), The Iowa assessment model in behavioral disorders: A training model (pp. 3–17). Des Moines, IA: Iowa Department of Education.
35.
SmithC. R., HendricksonJ., FrankA., & VanceP. (1996, April). Factors in selecting instructional settings for students with emotional and behavioral disorders. Presentation at the Annual Conference of the International Council for Exceptional Children, Orlando, Florida.
36.
SmithC. R., SweeneyD. P., KayP. J., & McInerneyM. (in press). The challenge to improve results for children and youth with emotional and behavioral problems: Preserving the family. Proceedings of Making Collaboration Work for Children, Youth, Families, Schools and Communities: National Invitational Conference, March, 1996, Washington, DC.
37.
SmithC. R., WoodF. H., & GrimesJ. (1988). Issues in the identification and placement of behaviorally disordered students. In WangM. C., ReynoldsM.C., & WalbergH. (Eds.), Handbook of special education: Research & practice (pp. 95–123). Oxford, England: Pergamon Press.
38.
SodacD. G., McGinnisE., SmithC., WoodF., DykstraD., & BreesN. (Eds.) (1988). The Iowa program standards for interventions in behavioral disorders.Des Moines, IA: Iowa Department of Education.
39.
StanfieldR. L. (1995, August 19). Tales out of school.National Journal, pp. 2102–2105.
40.
StarrP. (1982). The social transformation of American medicine.New York: Basic Books.
41.
TraubJ. (1996, November 4). The criminals of tomorrow.New Yorker, 50–65.
42.
WeatherlyC. L. (1996). Can students with disabilities be disciplined?Proceedings of 17th national institute on legal issues of educating individuals with disabilities (pp. 1–16). Horsham, PA: LRP Publications.
43.
WoodF., CheneyC., ClineD., SampsonD., SmithC., & GuetzloeE. (1991). Conduct disorders and social maladjustments: Policies, politics and programming.Reston, VA: The Council for Exceptional Children.