This paper reviews a variety of biophysical variables which contribute to autism or autistic symptoms. Now that autism is viewed no longer as a certain outcome of poor and ineffectual parenting or irreversible biophysical factors, parents as well as teachers can function as developmental change agents for the delayed child. Lastly, the nature and manifestations of psycho-biological variables are discussed in terms of the need for individual yet comprehensive educational interventions and family support services.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AnthonyJ.An experimental approach to the psychopathology of childhood autism.British Journal of Medical Psychology, 1958, pp. 211–225.
2.
BenderL.Autism in children with mental deficiencies.American Journal of Mental Deficiencies, 1959, 63, pp. 81–86.
3.
BergmanP., and EscalonaS.Unusual sensitivities in very young children.Psychoanalytical Study Guide, 1949, 3–4, pp. 333–352.
4.
BoucherJ., and WarringtonE.Memory deficits in early infantile autism: Some similarities to the amnesic syndrome.British Journal of Psychology, 1976, 67, pp. 73–88.
5.
BowlbyJ.Maternal care and mental health.Geneva: World Health Organization, 1951.
6.
BrunerJ.The cognitive consequence of early sensory deprivation.Psychosomatic Medicine, 1959, 21, pp. 89–95.
7.
ChessS., KornS., and FernandezP.Psychiatric disorders of children with congenital rubella.New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1971.
8.
ColemanM.A report on the autistic syndromes. In RutterM., and SchoplerE. (Eds.), Autism: A reappraisal of concepts and treatment, New York: Plenum Press, 1978.
9.
CreekM.Childhood psychosis: A review of 100 cases.British Journal of Psychiatry, 1963, 109, pp. 84–89.
10.
GrunbergF., and PondD.Conduct disorders in epileptic children.Journal of Neurosurgical Psychiatry, 1957, 20, pp. 65–68.
11.
IngramT. S.Specific developmental disorders of speech in childhood.Brain, 1959, 82, pp. 450–467.
12.
KannerL.Autistic disturbances in affective contact.Nervous Child, 1943, 2, pp. 217–250.
13.
MahlerM., and GoslinerB.On symbiotic child psychosis.Psychoanalytical Study Guide, 1955, 10, pp. 195–212.
14.
MarcusL.Developmental assessment as a basis for planning educational programs for autistic children.Behavioral Disorders, 1978, 3, pp. 219–226.
15.
MenolascinoF. J.Challenges in mental retardation: Progressive ideology and services.New York: Human Sciences Press, 1978.
16.
MenolascinoF. J., and EggerM. L.Medical dimensions of mental retardation.Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, 1978.
17.
MenyukP.Language: What's wrong and why. In RutterM., and SchoplerE. (Eds.), Autism: A reappraisal of concepts and treatment.New York: Plenum Press, 1978, pp. 105–116.
18.
OrvitzE. M.Biological homogeneity or heterogeneity? In RutterM., and SchoplerE. (Eds.), Autism: A reappraisal of concepts and treatment.New York: Plenum Press, 1978, pp. 105–116.
19.
PiagetJ.The origin of intelligence in the child.New York: International Universities Press, 1952.
20.
PollackM.Brain damage, mental retardation and childhood schizophrenia.American Journal of Psychiatry, 1958, 115, pp. 422–428.
21.
RutterM.Language disorder and infantile autism. In RutterM., and SchoplerE. (Eds.), Autism: A reappraisal of concepts and treatment.New York: Plenum Press, 1978.
22.
RutterM., and SchoplerE.Autism: A reappraisal of concepts and treatment.New York: Plenum Press, 1978.
23.
SarvisM.Psychiatric implications of temporal lobe damage.Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 1970, 14, pp. 454–481.
24.
SarvisM., and GarciaB.Etiological variation in autism.Psychiatry, 1961, 24, pp. 307–371.
25.
SchainR., and YannettH.Infantile autism.Journal of Pediatrics, 1960, 57, pp. 560–678.
26.
SchoplerE.Treatment of autistic children: Historical perspective. In MittlerP. (Ed.), Research to practice in mental retardation. Vol. 1, New York: Plenum Press, 1978.
27.
SchoplerE., and ReichlerR.Psycheducational profile.Chapel Hill, N.C.: Child Development Products, 1976.
28.
SpitzP. A., and WolfK. M.Anaclitic depression: An inquiry into the genesis of psychiatric conditions in early childhood.Psychoanalytical Study of the Child, 1946, 2, pp. 313–342.
29.
TredgoldR., and SoddyK.A textbook of mental deficiency (9th edition), Baltimore: Williams & Watkins, 1956.
30.
WebsterT. G.Unique aspects of emotional development in mentally retarded children. In MenolascinoF. (Ed.), Psychiatric approaches to mental retardation, New York: Basic Books, 1970.
31.
WebsterT. G.Problems of emotional development in young children.American Journal of Psychiatry, 1963, 120, pp. 34–43.
32.
WestR.Childhood aphasia.Society Crippled Child and Adults, 1962, 16, pp. 31–42.
33.
WingJ. K.Epidemiology of early childhood autism.Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 1963, 5, pp. 646–647.
34.
Worster-DroughtC.Disorders of speech in childhood. In HowellsJ. (Ed.): Modern perspectives in child psychiatry.Springfield, Illinois: C.C. Thomas, 1965, pp. 330–350.
