This article focuses on international migration occurring as a result of environmental changes and processes. It briefly reviews attempts to conceptualize environment-related migration and then considers the extent to which environmental factors have been and may be significant in initiating migration. Following is an examination of migration as an independent variable in the migration-environment relationship. Finally, ethical and policy dimensions are addressed.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AguayoS.. 1987Social and Cultural Conditions and Prospects of Guatemalan Refugees in Mexico. Geneva: UNRISD/Colegio de Mexico.
2.
AllenJ. C. and BarnesD. F.1985“The Causes of Deforestation in Developing Countries,”Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 75(2):163–184.
3.
AminS.1974Modern Migratiotts in Western Africa. London: Oxford University Press.
4.
Australian Academy of Science1994Population 2040 Australia's Choice. Proceedings of the Symposium of the Annual General Meeting of the Australian Academy of Science, Canberra.
5.
Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS)1992Australia's Environment: Issues and Facts. Canberra: AGPS.
6.
AwanoharaS.1982“In the Shadow of Death,”Far Eastern Economic Review, pp. 42–43. Oct. 15.
7.
BartiauxF. and van YperseleJ.1993“The Role of Population Growth in Global Warming.”In International Population Conference, Montreal 1993, Volume 4. Liege: IUSSP. Pp. 33–54.
8.
Bierbaum, ed. 1991Towards Ecological Sustainability. Prepared for the Planning Committee, Centre for the Environment and Sustainable Development, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide.
9.
BilsborrowR. E.1992“Population, Development and Deforestation: Some Recent Evidence.”Paper presented at the U.N. Expert Group Meeting on Population, Environment and Development, New York. January.
10.
BilsborrowR. E.1991“Rural Poverty, Migration and the Environment in Developing Countries: Three Case Studies.”Background paper presented for World Bank, World Development Report 1991, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
11.
BilsborrowR. E.1987“Population Pressures and Agricultural Development in Developing Countries: A Conceptual Framework and Recent Evidence,”World Development, 15(2):183–203.
12.
BilsborrowR. E. and DeLargyP.F.1991“Land Use, Migration and Natural Resource Deterioration in the Third World: The Cases of Guatemala and Sudan.”In Resources, Environment and Population. Ed. DavisK. and BernstamM.Belgium: IUSSR Pp. 125–147.
13.
BirdsallN.1992“Another Look at Population and Global Warming.”Policy research working paper, Country Economics Department, The World Bank, New York.
14.
BirrellR., HillD. and NevillJ., eds. 1984Populate and Perish? The Stresses of Population Growth in Australia. Melbourne; Fontana/Sydney: Australian Conservation Foundation.
15.
BlaikieP. and Brookfield1987Land Degradation and SocietyLondon: Metheun.
16.
BoydenS., DoversS. and ShirlowM.1990Our Biosphere wider Threat: Ecological Realities and Australia's Opportunities. Melbourne: Oxford University Press.
17.
BreezeR.1980“The Building of a New Tangsham,”Far Eastern Economic Review, p. 103. March 7.
18.
ChristensenH. and ScottW.1988Survey of the Social and Economic Conditions of Afghan Refugees in Pakistan. Geneva: UNRISD.
19.
ClarkeH.R., ChisolmA. H., EdwardsG. W. and KennedyT. O. S.1990Immigration, Population Growth and the Environment. Canberra: AGPS.
20.
ClarkeJ. I., CursonP., KayasthaS. L. and NagP., eds. 1989Population and Disaster. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
21.
ConnellJ.1987“Paradise Left? Pacific Island Voyagers in the Modern World.”In Pacific Bridges: The New Immigration from Asia and the Pacific Islands. New York: Center for Migration Studies. Pp. 375–404.
22.
CruzM. C. J., Zosa-FeranilI. and GoceC. L.1988“Population Pressure and Migration: Implications for Upland Development in the Philippines,”Journal of Philippine Development, 26(1):15–46.
23.
DayL. H. and RowlandD. T., eds. 1988How Many More Australians? The Resource and Environmental Conflicts. Melbourne: Longman Cheshire.
24.
DirksR.1980“Social Responses During Severe Food Shortages and Famine,”Current Anthropology, 21(1):21–44.
25.
EhrlichP. R. and A. H. 1990The Population Explosion.New York: Simon and Schuster.
26.
EhrlichP. R. and HoldrenJ. P.1971“Impact of Population Growth,”Science, 171:1212–1217.
27.
EkR. and KaradawiA.1991“Implications of Refugee Flows on Political Stability in the Sudan,”Ambio, August.
28.
El-HinnawiE.1985Environmental Refugees. Kenya: United Nations Environment Programme.
29.
FairchildH. P.1925Immigration: A World Movement and Its American Significance.New York: Putnam.
30.
FincherR.1991Immigration, Urban Infrastructure and the Environment. Canberra: AGPS.
31.
GeorgesM. E. and BilsborrowR. E.1991“Deforestation and Internal Migration in Selected Developing Countries.” Paper presented at Annual Meeting of the Southern Demographic Association, Jacksonville. October.
32.
GhimireK.1994“Refugees and Deforestation,”Internal Migration Quarterly Review, 32(4):561–568.
33.
GleickP. H.1989“Climate Change and International Politics: Problems Facing Developing Countries,”Ambio, 18(6):333–339.
34.
GreenC. P.1992The Environment and Population Growth: Decade for Action. Population Reports, Series M., No. 10. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University.
35.
HafnerJ. A. and ApichatvullopY.1990“Migrant Farmers and the Shrinking Forests in Northeast Thailand.”In Keepers of the Forest. Ed. PoffenbergerM.West Hartford: Kumarian Press. Pp. 187–219.
36.
HardjonoJ.1986“Transmigration: Looking to the Future,”Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 22(2):28–53.
37.
HinnawiE. E.1985Environment Refugees.New York: United Nations Development Program.
38.
HoganD. J.1992“The Impact of Population Growth on the Physical Environment,”European Journal of Population, 8:109–123.
39.
HugoG. J.1995Understanding Where Immigrants Live. Canberra: AGPS.
40.
HugoG. J.1988“Population Movement in Indonesia Since 1971,”Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geogrape, 79(4):242–256.
41.
HugoG. J.1987“Postwar Refugee Migration in Southeast Asia: Patterns, Problems and Policies.”In Refugees: A Third World Dilemma. Ed. RoggeJ. R.New Jersey: Rowan and Littlefield.
42.
HugoG. J.1984“The Demographic Impact of Famine.”In Famine as a Geographical Phenomenon. Ed. CurreyB. and HugoG.Dordrecht: D. Reidel. Pp. 7–32.
43.
HugoG. J. and ChanC. K.1990“Conceptualizing and Defining Refugee and Other Forced Migrations,”Southeast Asian Journal of Social Sciences, 18(1):19–42.
44.
HuusK.1994“More Dam Trouble,”Far Eastern Economic Review, pp. 70–72. Oct. 20.
45.
Industries Assistance Commission1989The Environmental Impacts of Travel and Tourism. Canberra: AGPS.
46.
International Organization for Migration (IOM)1992Migration and the Environment. Geneva: IOM and Refugee Policy Group.
KayasthaS. L. and YadaraR. P.1985“Flood Induced Population Migration in India: A Case Study of Ghaghara Zone.”In Population Redistribution and Development in South Asia. Ed. KosinskiL.A. and ElahiK.M.Dordrecht: D. Reidel. Pp. 79–88.
51.
KayeL.1994“The Reckoning,”Far Eastern Economic Review, pp. 24–30. Oct. 27.
52.
KeatingM.1994The Earth Summit's Agenda for Change. Geneva: Centre for Our Common Future.
53.
KeelyC. B.1981Global Refugee Policy: The Case for a Development Oriented Strategy.New York: The Population Council Public Issues Papers on Population.
54.
KeyfitzN.1991“Population and Development Within the Ecosphere: One View of the Literature,”Population Index, 57.
55.
KibreabG.1994“Migration, Environment and Refugeehood.”In Environment and Population Change. Ed. ZabaB. and ClarkeJ.Belgium: IUSSP. Pp. 115–130.
56.
KunzE. F.1973“The Refugee in Flight: Kinetic Models and Forms of Displacement,”International Migration Review, 7(2): 125–146.
57.
MooreE. J. and SmithJ. W.1995“Climatic Change and Migration from Oceania: Implications for Australia, New Zealand and the United States of America,”Population and Environment, 17(2):105–122.
58.
MortimoreM.1989Adapting to Drought: Farmers, Famines and Desertification in West Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
59.
National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, Institute of Medicine, U.S.1991Policy Implications of Greenhouse Winning. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
60.
National Population Council1992Population Issues and Australia's Future: Environment, Economy and Society. Final Report of the Population Issues Committee. Canberra: AGPS.
61.
NobelP.1985“Refugee Determination in the Third World.” Paper prepared for United Nations Research Institute for Social Development's Project on People Affected by Uprootedness.
62.
OlsonM. E.1979“Refugees as a Special Case of Population Redistribution.”In Population Redistribution: Patterns, Policies and Prospects. Ed. GoslingL. A. P. and LimL. Y. C.New York: United Nations Fund for Population Activities. Pp. 130–152.
63.
OuchoJ. O.1995“International Migration and Sustainable Human Development in Eastern and Southern Africa,”International Migration, 33(1):31–54.
64.
Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia1994Australia's Population ‘Carrying Capacity': One Nation — Two Ecologies. Canberra: AGPS.
65.
PetersonW. A.1958“A General Typology of Migration,”American Sociological Review, 23(3):256–266.
66.
PichonF. J. and BilsborrowR. E.1992“Agricultural Colonization and the Social Dimensions of Deforestation in the Ecuadorian Amazon.”In The Social Dynamics of Deforestation in Developing Countries. Geneva: UN Research Institute on Social Development.
67.
The Population Institute1993“Desparate Departures: The Flight of Environmental Refugees.” Paper prepared for Expert Group Meeting on Population Distribution and Migration, Santa Cruz, Bolivia. January.
68.
RichmondA.1993“The Environment and Refugees: Theoretical and Policy Issues.” Revised version of a paper presented at the meetings of the International Union for the Scientific Study of Population, Montreal. August.
69.
RogersR. and CopelandE.1993Forced Migration-Policy Issues in the Post-Cold War World Massachusetts: Tufts University.
70.
RuzickaL. T. and ChowdhuryA. K. M.A.1978Demographic Surveillance System – Matlab Volume 4. Vital Events and Migration 1975. Dacca: Cholera Research Laboratory.
71.
SecrettC.1986“The Environmental Impact of Transmigration,”The Ecologust, 16(2):77–86.
72.
ShahB. V.1983“Is the Environment Becoming More Hazardous? A Global Survey, 1947 to 1980,”Disasters, 7(3):202–209.
73.
SimmanceA.1987“The Impact of Large-Scale Movements and the Role of UNHCR.”In Refugees: A Third World Dilemma. Ed. RoggeJ.R.New Jersey. Rowan and Littlefield.
74.
SmithJ. W., ed. 1991Immigration, Population and Sustainable Limits to Australia's Growth. Adelaide: Flinders Press.
75.
SpeareA.1974“The Relevance of Models of Internal Migration for the Study of International Migration.”In International Migration: Proceedings of a Seminar on Demographic Research in Relation to International Migration. Ed. TapinosG.Paris: CICRED. Pp. 84–94.
76.
SpitzP.1978“Silent Violence: Poverty and Inequality,”International Social Science Journal, 30(4).
77.
StevensY.1993“UNHCR and Environmental Issues.” Paper presented at Refugees and Environmental Change Conference, University of Oxford, London. September.
78.
SuhrkeA.1994“Environmental Degradation, and Population Flows,”Journal of International Affairs, 47(2):475–496.
79.
SuhrkeA.1993Pressure Points: Environmental Degradation, Migration and Conflict. Occasional Paper No. 3, University of Toronto and the American Academy of Arts and Science, Toronto.
80.
SuhrkeA.1992“Pressure Points: Environmental Degradation, Migration and Conflict.” Prepared for a conference organized by the American Academy of Arts and Science at the Brookings Institution, Washington DC, May 11–12.
81.
SvartL. M.1976“Environmental Preference Migration: A Review,”Geographical Review, 66:314–330.
82.
ToyneP.1990“Damage Control the No. 1 Priority,”The Australian, June 1.
83.
United Nations1994“Population and the Environment in Developing Countries: Literature Survey and Research Bibliography.” Paper prepared for the Population Division of the Department for Economic and Social Information and Policy Analysis. U.N. Secretariat, New York.
84.
United Nations1993Report of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development. Rio de Janiero, June 3–14, 1992, 1, Sales No. E.93.I.8.
85.
United Nations Population Division1994“Population and the Environment in Developing Countries: Literature Survey and Research Bibliography.”New York: United Nations Secretariat.
86.
Utting, P.1992Trees, People and Power: Social Dimension of Deforestation and Forest Protection in Central America. Unpublished UNRISD Report. July.
87.
ZolbergA. and SuhrkeA.1984“Social Conflict and Refugees in the Third World: The Cases of Ethiopia and Afghanistan.”Paper presented at the Center for Migration and Population Studies, Harvard University, March 22.
