The focus is on the growth of export-production in Third World countries and on the massive increase in Third World immigration to the U.S. Both have taken place over the last fifteen years and both contain as one constitutive trait the incorporation of Third World women into waged employment on a scale that can be seen as representing a new phase in the history of women. The article posits that there is a systemic relation between this globalization and feminization of wage-labor.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
BalmoriD.1983“Hispanic Immigrants in the Construction Industry: New York City, 1960–1982”. Center for Latin American and Caribbean Studies, New York University, Occasional Papers, No. 38.
2.
BeckfordG.1972“Persistent Poverty”. London: Oxford University Press.
3.
BenamouC.1985“ ‘La Aguja’: Labor Union Participation among Hispanic Immigrant Women in the New York Garment Industry”. Center for Latin American and Caribbean Studies, Occasional Papers. New York University.
4.
BluestoneB.B. Harrison and GorhamL.1984“Storm Clouds on the Horizon: Labor Market Crisis and Industrial Policy”. Boston: Economics Education Project.
5.
BonillaA.F. and CamposR.1982“Imperialist Initiatives and the Puerto Rican Worker: From Foraker to Reagan”, Contemporary Marxism, 5:1–18.
6.
BoserupE.1970Woman's Role in Economic Development.New York: St. Martin's Press.
7.
BouldingE.1980Women: The Fifth World.Washington, DC: Foreign Policy Association, Headline Series 248. Feb.
8.
BriggP.1973“Some Economic Interpretations of Case Studies of Urban Migration in Developing Countries”. Washington, DC: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Staff Working Paper 10. 151. March.
9.
BurbachG. and FlynnS.1980Agribusiness in the Americas.New York: Monthly Review Press and NACLA.
10.
ByerleeD.1972“Research on Migration in Africa: Past, Present and Future”. Department of Agricultural Economics, African Rural Employment Paper No. 2. Michigan State University. Sept.
11.
CastroM.G.1982“Mary and Eve's Social Reproduction in the Big Apple: Colombian Voices”. Center for Latin American and Caribbean Studies, New York University: Occasional Papers, No. 35.
12.
CaughmanS. and N'diaye ThiamM.1980“Soap-making: The Experiences of a Woman's Co-operative in Mali”, Appropriate Technology, 7(3):4–6. Dec. London.
13.
ChaneyE.M.1984Women of the World: Latin America and the Caribbean.Washington, DC: Office for Women in Development, U.S. Agency for International Development. May.
14.
ChaneyE.M. and LewisM.W.1980“Women, Migration and the Decline of Small Holder Agriculture”. Washington, DC: United States Agency for International Development, Office of Women in Development. Oct.
15.
ChoS.K.1984“The Feminization of the Labor Movement in South Korea”. Department of Sociology, University of California, Berkeley. Unpublished.
16.
CohenS.M. and Sassen-KoobS.1982Survey of Six Immigrant Groups in Queens, New York City.Queens College, City University of New York.
17.
DauberR. and CainM.L., eds. 1981Women and Technological Change in Developing Countries.Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
18.
DelaunoyI.V.1975 Formacion, Empleo y Seguridad Social de la Mujer en America Latina y el Caribe”. In Participation de la Mujer en el Desarrollo de America Latina y el Caribe. Edited by Henriques de ParedesP. Izaguirre and DelaunoyI.V.Santiago, Chile: UNICEF Regional Office. Pp. 59–114.
19.
Fernandez-KellyM.P.1983For We Are Sold, I and My People: Women and Industrialization in Mexico's Frontier.Albany: SUNY Press.
20.
GeorgeS.1977How the Other Half Dies: The Real Reasons for World Hunger.Montclair, NJ: Allanheld, Osmun.
21.
GrasmuckS.1982“The Impact of Emigration on National Development: Three Sending Communities in the Dominican Republic”. Center for Latin American and Caribbean Studies, New York University: Occasional Papers, No. 32.
22.
GrossR.1979“Women's Place in the Integrated Circuit”, Southeast Asia Chronicle, 66:2–17.
23.
HarrisJ. and TodaroM.1970“Migration, Unemployment, and Development: A Two-Sector Analysis”, American Economic Review, 60(1):126–142. March.
24.
HerrickB.1971“Urbanization and Urban Migration in Latin America: An Economist's View”. In Latin American Urban Research, Vol. 1. Edited by RabinovitzF. and TruebloodF.Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.
25.
Institute of Social Studies, New Delhi1979“A Case Study on the Modernization of the Traditional Handloom Weaving Industry in the Kashmir Valley: The Integrated Development Project for the Woolen Handloom Weaving Industry in Jammu and Kashmir”. Bangkok: Asian and Pacific Centre for Women and Development. May.
26.
International Labor Office1982Yearbook of Labor Statistics, 1981.Geneva: ILO.
27.
International Labor Office1981Employment Effects of Multinational Enterprises in Developing Countries.Geneva: ILO.
28.
JelinE.1979“Women and the Urban Labor Market”. International Labor Office, World Employment Programme Research. Working Paper No. 77 of the Population and Labor Policies Programme. Sept.
29.
KellyD.1984“Hard Work, Hard Choices: A Survey of Women in St. Lucia's Export Oriented Electronics Factories”. Unpublished Research Report.
30.
LandK.1969“Duration of Residence and Prospective Migration: Further Evidence”, Demography, 6(2):133–140.
31.
LimL.Y.C.1980“Women Workers in Multinational Corporations: The Case of the Electronics Industry in Malaysia and Singapore”. In Transnational Enterprises: Their Impact on Third World Societies and Cultures. Edited by KumarKrishna.
32.
LimL.Y.C.1978“Women in Export Processing Zones”. New York: UNIDO.
33.
MarshallA.1983“Immigration in a Surplus-worker Labor Market: The Case of New York”. Center for Latin American and Caribbean Studies, New York University, Occasional Papers, No. 39.
34.
MarshallA.1976Inmigracion, demanda de fuerza de trabajo y estructura ocupacional en el area metropolitana.Buenos Aires: Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales.
35.
MoralesR.1983“Undocumented Workers in a Changing Automobile Industry: Case Studies in Wheels, Headers and Batteries”, Proceedings of the Conference on Contemporary Production: Capital Mobility and Labor Migration.Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California, San Diego.
36.
MorrisonP.1967“Duration of Residence and Prospective Migration: The Evaluation of a Stochastic Model”, Demography, 4:553–561.
37.
Multinational Monitor1982Focus: Women and Multinationals.Washington, D.C.Summer.
38.
NelsonJ.1974“Sojourners vs. New Urbanites: Causes and Consequences of Temporary vs. Permanent Cityward Migration in Developing Countries”. Center for International Affairs, Harvard University.
39.
New York State Department of Labor1982a Report to the Governor and the Legislature on the Garment Manufacturing Industry and Industrial Homework.New York: New York State Department of Labor.
40.
New York State Department of Labor1982b Study of State-Federal Employment Standards for Industrial Homeworkers in New York City.Albany: New York State Department of Labor, Division of Labor Standards.
41.
New York State Department of Labor1980Occupational Employment Statistics: Services, New York State, April–June 1978.Albany: New York State Department of Labor.
42.
New York State Department of Labor1979Occupational Employment Statistics: Finance, Insurance and Real Estate, New York State, May-June 1978.Albany: New York State Department of Labor.
43.
North American Congress on Latin America1978“Capital's Flight: The Apparel Industry Moves South”, Latin America and Empire Report, 11:3.
44.
North American Congress on Latin America1977“Electronics: The Global Industry”, Latin America and Empire Report, 11(4). July/Aug.
45.
Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development1981International Investment and Multinational Enterprises: Recent International Direct Investment Trends.Paris: OECD.
46.
Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development1980“International Subcontracting: A New Form of Investment”. Paris: OECD, Development Centre.
47.
OrlanskyD. and DubrovskyS.1978“The Effects of Rural-Urban Migration on Women's Role and Status in Latin America”. Paris: UNICEF, Reports and Papers in the Social Sciences, No. 41.
48.
Parra SandovalR.1975“La desnacionalizacion de la industria y los cambios en la estructura ocupacional colombiana 1920–1970”. Bogota: CIDE.
49.
PetritschM.1981“The Impact of Industrialization on Women's Traditional Fields of Economic Activity in Developing Countries”. New York: UNIDO.
50.
Pineda-OfreneoR.1982“Philippine Domestic Outwork: Subcontracting for Export Oriented Industries”, Journal of Contemporary Asia, 12(3):281–293.
51.
Port Authority of New York and New Jersey1982Regional Perspectives: The Regional Economy, 1981 Review, 1982 Outlook.New York: Planning and Development Department, Regional Research Section.
52.
PortesA.1979“Illegal Immigration and the International System: Lessons from Recent Legal Mexican Immigrants to the United States”, Social Problems, 26. April.
53.
Recchini de LattesZ. and WainermanC.H.1979“Data from Household Surveys for the Analysis of Female Labor in Latin America and the Caribbean: Appraisal of Deficiencies and Recommendations for Dealing with Tehm. Santiago: CEPAL.
54.
SafaH.I.1981“Sunway Shops and Female Employment: The Search for Cheap Labor”, Signs, 7(2):418–433. Winter.
55.
SalaffJ.1981Working Daughters of Hong Kong.New York: Cambridge University Press, ASA Rose Monograph Series.
56.
Sassen-KoobS.1985“The Foreign Investment Connection: Rethinking Immigration”. Cambridge University Press. Forthcoming.
57.
Sassen-KoobS.1984a “Direct Foreign Investment: A Migration Push Factor?”, Government and Policy, 2:399–416. London: Pion. Nov.
58.
Sassen-KoobS.1984a “The New Labor Demand in Global Cities”. In Cities in Transformation. Edited by Smith. Beverly Hills: Sage.
59.
Sassen-KoobS.1984b “Foreign Investment: A Migration Push Factor?”. In Government and Policy, Special Issue on International Migration. Edited by Bennett and Muller. London: Pion. Nov.
60.
Sassen-KoobS.1981a “Towards a Conceptualization of Immigrant Labor”, Social Problems, 29. Oct.
61.
Sassen-KoobS.1981b “Exporting Capital and Importing Labor”. Center for Latin American and Caribbean Studies, New York University: Occasional Papers, No. 28.
62.
SchminkM.1982“La mujer en la economia en America Latina”. Mexico: The Population Council, Latin America and Caribbean Regional Office, Working Papers No. 11. June.
63.
ShahN.M. and SmithP.C.1981“Issues in the Labor Force Participation of Migrant Women in Five Asian Countries”. East-West Population Institute, East-West Center: Working Papers No. 19. Sept.
64.
SingelmannJ.1978From Agriculture to Services: The Transformation of Industrial Employment.Beverly Hills and London: Sage.
65.
SingerP.1974“Migraciones internas: consideraciones teoricas sobre su estudio”. Las migraciones internas en America Latina. Fichas No. 38, Nueva Vision. Argentina.
66.
Solorzano TorresR.1983“Female Mexican Immigrants in San Diego County”. Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California, San Diego. Research in Progress.
67.
StanbackT.M.Jr. and NoyelleT.J.1982Cities in Transition: Changing Job Structures in Atlanta, Denver, Buffalo, Phoenix, Columbus (Ohio), Nashville, Charlotte.New Jersey: Allanheld, Osmun.
68.
StandingG.1975“Aspiration Wages, Migration and Female Employment”. ILO: World Employment Programme, Working Paper No. 23 of the Population and Employment Project. Nov.
69.
TinkerI. and BramsenM. Bo, eds. 1976Women and World Development.Washington, DC: Overseas Development Council.
70.
United Nations Industrial Development Organization1982Changing Patterns of Trade in World Industry: An Empirical Study on Revealed Comparative Advantage. (ID/281). Vienna: UNIDO.
71.
United Nations Industrial Development Organization1980Export Processing Zones in Developing Countries.New York: UNIDO.
72.
United Nations Industrial Development Organization1979World Industry Since 1960: Progress and Prospects. (ID/229). Vienna: UNIDO.
73.
U.S. Department of Commerce Bureau of Census1983Census of Population 1980. Characteristics of the Population. General and Social Characteristics U.S. Summary. Washington D.C.
74.
WarrenR. and PasselJ.S.1983“Estimates of Illegal Aliens from Mexico Counted in the 1980 U.S. Census. Washington, DC: Bureau of the Census, Population Division.
75.
WongA.K.1980Economic Development and Women's Place: Women in Singapore. International Reports: Women and Society.London: Change.
76.
World Bank Staff1975“Internal Migration in Less Developed Countries”. Washington, DC: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Bank Staff Working Paper No. 215. Prepared by L.Y.L. Yap. Sept.
77.
YoussefN.H.1974“Women and Work in Developing Societies”. University of California, Berkeley, Institute of International Studies.