Significant scholarly attention has been paid to monument construction, craft production, and leadership strategies in the Mississippian world (A.D. 1000 to A.D. 1540) of the Southeastern and Midcontinental United States. As new sites are discovered and new data brought into consideration, greater consideration can be made linking the building of large earthen mounds to social and political relationships. This article presents an archaeological and ethnohistoric consideration of mound building and mound summit use at Mound D at the Carson site, located in northwest Mississippi. Data from earthen mound excavation, mound summit architecture, material culture, and optically stimulated luminescence and radiocarbon (accelerator mass spectrometry) dating are used to discuss the formation of the monumental landscape beginning in the early 13th century. Several postulates are offered for the interpretation of mound construction and mound summit use.
AndersonDG (1994) The Savannah River Chiefdoms: Political Change in the Late Prehistoric Southeast.
Tuscaloosa:
University of Alabama Press.
2.
BarnettJFJr (2007) The Natchez Indians: A History to 1735.
Jackson:
University Press of Mississippi.
3.
BeckRA (2003)
Consolidation and hierarchy: Chiefdom variability in the Mississippian southeast. American Antiquity68(4): 641–661.
4.
BeckRA (2013) Chiefdoms, Collapse, and Coalescence in the Early American South.
Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
5.
BeckRAMooreDG (2002)
The Burke phase: A Mississippian frontier in the North Carolina foothills. Southeastern Archaeology21(2): 192–205.
6.
BelmontJS (1961) The Peabody excavations, Coahoma County, Mississippi, 1901–1902. Unpublished PhD Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Harvard College, Cambridge.
7.
BlantonREFeinmanGMKowalewskiSA, et al. (1996)
A dual-processual theory for the evolution of Mesoamerican civilization. Current Anthropology37: 1–14.
8.
BlitzJH (1999)
Mississippian chiefdoms and the fission-fusion process. American Antiquity64: 577–592.
9.
Blitz JH (2010) New Perspectives in Mississippian Archaeology. Journal of Archaeological Research 18: 1--39.
10.
BlitzJHLivingoodP (2004)
Sociopolitical implications of Mississippian mound volume. American Antiquity69(2): 291–301.
11.
BradleyR (1998) The Significance of Monuments on the Shaping of Human Experience in Neolithic and Bronze Age Europe.
London:
Routledge Press.
12.
BrainJP (1978) Late prehistoric settlement patterning in the Yazoo basin and Natchez bluffs regions of the Lower Mississippi Valley. In: BruceS (ed) Mississippian Settlement Patterns.
New York:
Academic Press, pp.331–368.
13.
BrainJP (1989) Winterville: Late prehistoric culture contact in the Lower Mississippi Valley. Lower Mississippi Survey of Harvard University. Submitted to Mississippi Department of Archives and History. Archaeological Report No. 23. Jackson, MS: Mississippi Department of Archives and History.
14.
BrainJPTothARodriguez-BuckinghamA (1974) Ethnohistoric archaeology and the de Soto entrada into the Lower Mississippi Valley. In: The conference on historic site papers 1972 – Volume 7, Columbia, SC, pp.223–298. Columbia, SC: The South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of South Carolina.
15.
BrooksS (1980) The Peabody phase in the upper sunflower region. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Mississippi, Oxford.
16.
BrownIW (1978) An archaeological survey of Mississippi period sites in Coahoma County, Mississippi: Final report. Unpublished manuscript. Cottonlandia Museum, Greenwood, Mississippi, and Lower Mississippi Survey, Peabody Museum, Harvard University, Cambridge.
17.
BrownIW (2008) Culture contact along the I-69 corridor: protohistoric and historic use of the northern Yazoo Basin, Mississippi. In: JanetREvanP (eds) Times River: Archaeological Syntheses from the Lower Mississippi River Alluvial Valley.
Tuscaloosa, AL:
The University of Alabama Press, pp.357–394.
18.
BurgerRLRosenswigRM (2012) Early New World Monumentality.
Gainesville:
University Press of Florida.
19.
ButzS (2015) Excavations of mound B: A ridge-top mound at the Carson Site, a Mississippian mound center in the northern Yazoo Basin. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Mississippi, Oxford.
20.
ClaassenC (2008) Shell symbolism in pre-Columbian North America. In: AndrzejARobertoC (eds) Early Human Impact on Megamolluscs (British Archeological Reports S1865).
Oxford:
Archaeopress, pp.231–236.
21.
ClaassenC (2010) Feasting with Shellfish in the Southern Ohio Valley: Archaic Sacred Sites and Rituals.
Knoxville:
University of Tennessee Press.
22.
ClaytonLAKnightVJJrMooreEC (1995) The de Soto Chronicles: The Expedition of Hernando de Soto to North America in 1539-1543 (
2 volumes).
Tuscaloosa:
The University of Alabama Press.
23.
CobbCR (1993)
Archaeological approaches to the political economy of nonstratified societies. Archaeological Method and Theory5: 43–100.
24.
ConnawayJM (1977) The Denton site: A middle archaic occupation in the northern Yazoo Basin, Mississippi. Archaeological Report No. 4. Jackson, MS: Mississippi Department of Archives and History.
25.
ConnawayJM (1981) Archaeological Investigations in Mississippi, 1969–1977. Archaeological Report Vol. 6. Jackson, MS: Mississippi Department of Archives and History.
26.
ConnawayJM (1984) The Wilsford site (22CO516), Coahoma County, Mississippi: A late Mississippi period settlement in the northern Yazoo Basin of Mississippi. Archaeological Report Vol. 14. Jackson, MS: Mississippi Department of Archives and History.
27.
ConnawayJMMcGaheySOWebbCH (1977) Teoc Creek: A poverty point site in Carroll County, Mississippi. Archaeological Report No. 3. Jackson, MS: Mississippi Department of Archives and History.
28.
DalanRA (1997) The construction of Mississippian Cahokia. In: TimothyPThomasE (eds) Cahokia: Domination and Ideology in the Mississippian World.
Lincoln:
University of Nebraska Press, pp.89–102.
29.
Dalan RA, Holley GR, Woods WI, et al. (2003) Envisioning Cahokia: A Landscape Perspective. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press.
30.
DyeD (1999) Reconstruction of the de Soto expedition route in Arkansas; the Mississippi Alluvial Plain. In: Gloria Y (ed) The Expedition of Hernando De Soto West of the Mississippi, 1541–1543: Proceedings of the De Soto Symposia, 1988 and 1990.
31.
EarleTK (1987) Specialization and the production of wealth: Hawaiian chiefdoms and the Inka Empire. In: ElizabethMBTimothyKE (eds) Specialization, Exchange, and Complex Societies.
Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, pp.64–75.
32.
ErasmusC (1965)
Monument building: Some field experiments. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology21: 277–301.
33.
EthridgeR (2010) From Chicaza to Chickasaw: The European Invasion and the Transformation of the Mississippian World, 1540 – 1715.
Chapel Hill:
University of North Carolina Press.
34.
Ford JA, Phillips P and Haag WG (1955) The Jaketown Site in West-Central Mississippi. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, 45(1), New York.
35.
GallowayPK (1995) Choctaw Genesis: 1500 – 1700.
Lincoln:
University of Nebraska Press.
36.
GallowayPK (1997) Conjuncture and Longue Durée: History, anthropology, and the Hernando de Soto expedition. In: Patricia Kay Galloway (ed)The Hernando de Soto Expedition, History, Historiography, and “Discovery” in the Southeast. Lincoln: University of Nebraska, pp.283–294.
37.
GallowayPKGriffinJB (1989) The Southeastern Ceremonial Complex: Artifacts and Analysis. Omaha.
Lincoln:
University of Nebraska Press.
38.
GibsonJL (2004) The power of beneficent obligation in first mound-building societies. In JonLGPhilipJC (eds) Signs of Power.
Tuscaloosa:
University of Alabama Press, pp.254–269.
39.
HaleyBS (2014)
The big picture at Hollywood: Geophysical and archaeological investigations at a Mississippian mound centre. Archaeological Prospection21(1): 39–47.
40.
HallyDJ (1993) The territorial size of Mississippian chiefdoms. In: JamesBS (ed) Archaeology of Eastern North America: Papers in Honor of Stephen Williams, Archaeological Report No. 25.
Jackson:
Mississippi Department of Archives and History, pp.143–168.
41.
HallyDJ (1996) Platform-mound construction and the instability of Mississippian chiefdoms. In: JohnFS (ed) Political Structure and Change in the Prehistoric Southeastern United States.
Gainesville:
University of Florida Press, pp.92–127.
42.
HeckenbergerMJ (2005) The Ecology of Power: Culture, Place, and Personhood in the Southern Amazon, A.D. 1000–2000.
New York:
Routledge Press.
43.
Hodge SC (2011) Population Dispersal and Human Health at Moundville. Southeastern Archaeology 30(2): 226--241.
44.
HudsonC (1997) Knights of Spain, Warriors of the Sun: Hernando de Soto and the South’s Ancient Chiefdoms.
Athens:
University of Georgia Press.
45.
HudsonCSmithMHallyD, et al. (1985)
Coosa: A chiefdom in the sixteenth-century southeastern United States. American Antiquity50(4): 723–737.
46.
JamesJ (2010) Modeling mortuary behavior based on secondary burial data from Carson mound group, Coahoma County, Mississippi. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Mississippi, Oxford.
47.
Johnson JK (1987) Cahokia Core Technology in Mississippi: The View from the South. In: Johnson JK and Morrow CA (eds) The Organization of Core Technology. Boulder and London: Westview Press, pp. 187--206.
48.
JohnsonJKAleoGMStuartRT, et al. (2002) The 1996 excavations at the Batesville mounds: A Woodland period platform mound complex in northwest Mississippi. Archaeological Report No. 32. Jackson, MS: Mississippi Department of Archives and History.
49.
KassabaumMCCranfordDJNelsonES (2011)
Multiple modes of monumentality: Case studies from the American south. SAA Archaeological Record11(4): 33–37.
50.
Kassabaum MC (2014) Feasting and Communal Ritual in the Lower Mississippi Valley, AD 700--1000. Unpublished dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
51.
Kelly J (1990) The Emergence of Mississippian Culture in the American Bottom. In: Smith BD (ed) The Mississippian Emergence. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, pp. 113--152.
52.
KidderTR (1992) Coles Creek period social organization and evolution in northeast Louisiana. In: AlexWBTimothyRP (eds) Lords of the Southeast: Social Inequality and the Native Elites of Southeastern North America (Archeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association, Vol. 3, Issue 1).
Arlington, VA:
American Anthropological Association, pp.145–162.
53.
KidderTR (1998) Mississippi period mound groups and communities in the Lower Mississippi Valley. In: LewisRBStoutC (eds) Mississippian Towns and Sacred Spaces: Searching for an Architectural Grammar.
Tuscaloosa, AL:
University of Alabama Press, pp.123–150.
54.
KidderTR (2002) Woodland period archaeology in the Lower Mississippi Valley. In: DavidGARobertCM (eds) The Woodland Southeast.
Tuscaloosa, AL:
University of Alabama Press, pp.77–80.
55.
KidderTR (2004)
Plazas as architecture: An example from the Raffman site, northeastern Louisiana. American Antiquity69(3): 514–532.
56.
KidderTRSherwoodSC (2017)
Look to the earth: The search for ritual in the context of mound construction. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences9(6): 1077–1099.
57.
KingA (2001)
Long-term histories of Mississippian centers: The developmental sequence of Etowah and its comparison to Moundville and Cahokia. Southeastern Archaeology20: 1–17.
58.
KingA (2003a)
Over a century of explorations at Etowah. Journal of Archaeological Research11(4): 279–306.
59.
KingA (2003b) Etowah: The Political History of a Chiefdom Capital.
Tuscaloosa, AL:
University of Alabama Press.
60.
KingA (2007) Southeastern Ceremonial Complex: Chronology, Content, Context.
Tuscaloosa:
University of Alabama Press.
61.
KingAWalkerCSharpR, et al. (2011)
Remote sensing data from Etowah’s mound A: Architecture and the re-creation of Mississippian tradition. American Antiquity76(2): 355–371.
62.
KnightVJ (1986)
The institutional organization of Mississippian religion. American Antiquity51(4): 675–687.
63.
KnightVJ (1998) Moundville as a diagrammatic ceremonial center. In: VernonJK JrVincasPS (eds) Archaeology of the Moundville Chiefdom.
Washington, DC:
Smithsonian Institution Press, pp.44–62
64.
KnightVJ (2006)
Farewell to the southeastern ceremonial complex. Southeastern Archaeology25: 1–5.
65.
Knight VJ and Steponaitis VP (1998) A New History of Moundville. In: Knight VJ and Steponaitis VP (eds) Archaeology of the Moundville Chiefdom. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, pp. 1--25.
66.
KolbMJ (1994)
Monumentality and the rise of religious authority in precontact Hawaìi. Current Anthropology35: 521–547.
67.
KolbMJ (2006)
The origins of monumental architecture in ancient Hawaìi. Current Anthropology47: 657–665.
68.
LacquementCH (2009) Landscape modification at Moundville: An energetics assessment of a Mississippian polity. PhD Dissertation, Tuscaloosa, AL: Department of Anthropology, University of Alabama.
69.
LansdellB (2009) A chronological assessment of the Carson mound group, Stovall, Mississippi. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Oxford: Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Mississippi.
70.
LauroJLehmanGR (1982) The Slate site: A poverty point lapidary industry in the Southern Yazoo Basin, Mississippi. Archaeological Report No. 7. Jackson, MS: Mississippi Department of Archives and History.
71.
Lewis RB and Stout C (1998) Mississippian Towns and Sacred Spaces, Searching for an Architectural Grammar. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
72.
Lindauer O and Blitz JH (1997) Higher Ground: The Archaeology of North American Platform Mounds. Journal of Archaeological Research 5(2): 169--207.
73.
Livingood P (2008) Recent Discussions in Late Prehistoric Southern Archaeology. Native South 1: 1--26.
74.
Mainfort RC, Jr. (1999) Late Period Phases in the Central Mississippi Valley: a Multivariate Approach. In: Mainfort RC, Jr. and Jeter MD (eds) Arkansas Archaeology: Essays in Honor of Dan and Phyllis Morse. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, pp. 143--168.
75.
Marcoux JB and Wilson GD (2010) Categories of Complexity and the Preclusion of Practice. In: Alt S (ed) Ancient Complexities: New Perspectives in Pre-Columbian North America. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, pp. 138--151.
76.
McLeodTB (2015) Developing an architectural sequence for a portion of the mound A enclosure at the Carson mound group, Coahoma County, Mississippi. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Oxford: Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Mississippi.
77.
McNuttCH (1996) The upper Yazoo Basin in northwest Mississippi. In: CharlesHM (ed) Prehistory of the Central Mississippi Valley.
Tuscaloosa, AL:
University of Alabama Press, pp. 155–185.
78.
MehtaJM (2013)
Spanish conquistadores, French explorers, and Natchez Great Suns in southwestern Mississippi, 1542–1729. Native South6: 33–69.
79.
Mehta JM (2015) Native American Monuments and Landscape in the Lower Mississippi Valley. Unpublished PhD Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Tulane University, New Orleans.
80.
MehtaJMAbbottDPevnyCD (2016)
Mississippian craft production in the Yazoo Basin: Thin-section analysis of a Mississippian structure floor on the summit of mound D at the Carson site. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports5: 416–484.
81.
MehtaJMConnawayJM (2017a) Trade diaspora as considered through household archaeology at Carson. In: The 74th annual meeting of the southeastern archaeological conference, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 8--11 November 2017.
82.
MehtaJMLoweKMStout-EvansR, et al. (2012)
Moving Earth and building monuments at the Carson mounds site, Coahoma County, Mississippi. Journal of Anthropology2012: Article ID 192923.
83.
MehtaJMStout-EvansRShenZ (2017b)
Mississippian monumentality in the Yazoo Basin: Recent investigations at the Carson site, northwestern Mississippi. Southeastern Archaeology36: 14–33.
84.
MeyersMS (2006) Leadership at the edge. In: BrianMBPaulDW (eds) Leadership and Polity in Mississippian Society (Center for Archaeological Investigations, Occasional Paper No. 33).
Carbondale:
Southern Illinois University, pp. 156–177.
85.
MeyersMS (2015) The role of the southern Appalachian Mississippian frontier in the creation and maintenance of chiefly power. In: RamieGMaureenM (eds) Archaeological Perspectives on the Southern Appalachians: A Multiscalar Approach.
Knoxville:
University of Tennessee Press, pp.219–244.
86.
MeyersMS (2016) Political economy and craft production before and after the collapse of Mississippian chiefdoms. In RonaldF (ed) Beyond Collapse: Archaeological Perspectives on Resilience, Revitalization, and Transformation in Complex Societies.
Carbondale:
Southern Illinois University, pp.380–406.
87.
MitchemJM (1996)
Investigations of the possible remains of de Soto’s Cross at Parkin. The Arkansas Archaeologist35: 87–95. Arkansas Archaeological Society, Fayetteville.
88.
MorseDFMorseP (1983) Archaeology of the Central Mississippi Valley.
New York:
Academic Press.
89.
MullerJ (1997) Mississippian Political Economy.
New York:
Plenum Press.
90.
NelsonES (2014)
Intimate landscapes: The social nature of the spaces between. Archaeological Prospection21(1): 49–57.
91.
O'Hear JW, Steponaitis VP and Kassabaum MC (2009) Early Coles Creek Ceremonialism at the Feltus Mounds, Jefferson County, Mississippi. Paper presented at the 67th Annual Meeting of the Southeastern Archaeological Conference, Mobile, Al, 4--7 November 2009.
92.
Ortmann AL and Kidder TR (2013) Building Mound A at Poverty Point, Louisiana: Monumental Public Architecture, Ritual Practice, and Implications for Hunter-Gatherer Complexity. Geoarchaeology: An International Journal 28: 66--86.
93.
PauketatTR (2001)
Practice and history in archaeology, an emerging paradigm. Anthropological Theory1(1): 73–98.
94.
PauketatTR (2003)
Resettled farmers and the making of a Mississippian polity. American Antiquity68(1): 39–66.
95.
PayneC (1994) Mississippian capitals: An archaeological investigation of Precolumbian political structure. PhD Dissertation, University of Florida, Gainesville. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.
96.
PeeblesCSKusSM (1977)
Some archaeological correlates of ranked societies. American Antiquity42(3): 421–448.
97.
PhillipsP (1970) Archaeological Survey in the Lower Yazoo Basin, Mississippi, 1949–1955 (Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology Vol. 60). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University.
98.
PhillipsPFordJAGriffinJB (1951) Archaeological Survey in the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley, 1940–1947 (Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology Vol 25). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University.
99.
PluckhahnTJThompsonVD (2018) New Histories of Village Life at Crystal River.
Gainesville:
University of Florida Press.
100.
Rees MA and Livingood PC (2007) Plaquemine Archaeology. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
101.
ReillyFKGarberJ (2007) Ancient Objects and Sacred Realms: Interpretations of Mississippian Iconography, 2 Vols.
Austin:
University of Texas Press.
102.
Roe L and Schilling T (2010) Coles Creek. In: Rees M (ed) Archaeology of Louisiana. Baton Rouge: University of Louisiana Press, pp. 157--171.
103.
Rogers JD (1995) The Archaeological Analysis of Domestic Organization. In: Rogers JD and Smith BD Mississippian Communities and Households. Tuscaloosa: The University of Alabama Press, pp. 7--28.
104.
Russo M (1994) A Brief Introduction to the Study of Archaic Mounds in the Southeast. Southeastern Archaeology 13(2): 89--93.
105.
SaundersJWMandelRDSampsonCG, et al. (2005)
Watson Brake, a middle archaic mound complex in northeast Louisiana.American Antiquity70(4):631–668.
106.
SchaanDP (2008) The nonagricultural chiefdoms of Marajó island. In HelaineSWilliamHI (eds) Handbook of South American Archaeology.
New York:
Springer, pp.339–357.
107.
SettleSE (2012) An ethnobotanical analysis of two late Mississippian period sites in the upper Yazoo Basin. Unpublished Honors Thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
108.
SherwoodSCKidderTR (2011)
The DaVincis of dirt: Geoarchaeological perspectives on Native American mound building in the Mississippi River Basin. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology30: 69–87.
109.
SherwoodSCKidderTR (2018) Mound building as daily practice. In: SarahEPPhilipJC (eds) Investigating the Ordinary, Everyday Matters in Southeast Archaeology.
Gainesville:
University of Florida Press, pp.154–163.
110.
SmithAT (2003) The Political Landscape: Constellations of Authority in Early Complex Societies.
Berkeley:
University of California Press.
111.
SmithB (1978) Variation in Mississippian settlement patterns. In: BruceDS (ed) Mississippian Settlement Patterns.
New York:
Academic Press, pp.479–503.
112.
SmithB (1990a) Introduction: Research on the origins of Mississippian chiefdoms in Eastern North America. In: BruceS (ed) The Mississippian Emergence.
Washington and London:
Smithsonian Institution Press, pp.1–8.
113.
SmithGP (1990b) The Walls phase and its neighbors. In: DavidHDCherylAC (eds) Towns and Temples Along the Mississippi.
Tuscaloosa:
University of Alabama Press, pp.135–169.
114.
SmithMTHallyDJ (1992) Chiefly behavior: Evidence from sixteenth century Spanish accounts. In: AlexWBTimothyRP (eds) Lords of the Southeast: Social Inequality and the Native Elites of Southeastern North America (Archaeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association No.3).
Arlington, VA:
American Anthropological Association, pp.99–110.
115.
SteponaitisV (1978) Location theory and complex chiefdoms: A Mississippian example. In: SmithBD (ed) Mississippian Settlement Patterns.
New York:
Academic Press, pp.417–454.
116.
SteponaitisV (1983) Ceramics, Chronology, and Community Patterns: An Archaeological Study at Moundville.
New York:
Academic Press.
117.
SteponaitisV (1991) Contrasting patterns of Mississippian development. In: TimothyKE (ed) Chiefdoms: Power, Economy, and Ideology.
Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, pp.193–228.
118.
StevensEL (2006) The making of a monument: Investigating mound stratigraphy in the Yazoo Basin. Unpublished MA Thesis. Oxford: Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Mississippi.
119.
SwantonJR (1985) Final report of the United States DeSoto expedition commission. Reprinted. Classics of Smithsonian Anthropology, Washington D.C. Originally published 1939, House Document No. 71, Government Printing Office, Washington D.C.
120.
ThomasC (1894) Report on the mound explorations of the Bureau of Ethnology for the years 1890-1891. In: 12th Annual report to the Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.
121.
ThompsonVDAndrusFT (2011)
Evaluating mobility, monumentality, and feasting at the Sapelo Island shell ring complex. American Antiquity76: 315–344.
122.
ThompsonVDPluckhahnTJ (2011)
Monumentalization and ritual landscapes at Fort Center in the Lake Okeechobee Basin of South Florida. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology31: 49–65.
123.
TriggerB (1990)
Monumental architecture: A thermodynamic explanation of symbolic behavior. World Archaeology22(2): 119–132.
124.
TrubittMB (2009)
Burning and burying buildings: Exploring variation in Caddo architecture in southwest Arkansas. Southeastern Archaeology28(2): 233–247.
125.
WaringAJHolderP (1945)
A prehistoric ceremonial complex in the southeastern United States. American Antiquity47(1): 1–34.
126.
WeddleRS (1997) Soto’s problems of orientation: Maps, navigation, and instruments in the Florida expedition. In: PatriciaG (ed) The Hernando de Soto Expedition: History, Historiography, and “Discovery” in the Southeast.
Lincoln:
University of Nebraska Press pp.219–233.
127.
WelchPD (1991) Moundville’s Economy.
Tuscaloosa:
University of Alabama Press.
128.
WhiteAASteereB (2014) Eastern Woodlands household archaeology data project. Available at: http://www.householdarchaeology.org/ (accessed 3 July 2019).
129.
WilliamsS (1956) Settlement patterns in the Lower Mississippi Valley. In: GordonRW (ed) Prehistoric Settlement Patterns in the New World (Viking Fund Publications in Anthropology, No.23).
New York:
Wenner-Gren Foundation, pp.52–62.
130.
WilliamsSBrainJP (1983) Excavations at the Lake George Site, Yazoo County, Mississippi 1958–1960 (Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology Vol. 74).
Cambridge, MA:
Harvard University.
131.
WilsonGD (2007) The Archaeology of Everyday Life at Early Moundville.
Tuscaloosa:
University of Alabama Press.
132.
YerkesRW (1983)
Microwear, microdrills, and Mississippian craft specialization. American Antiquity48(3): 499–518.
