The mysterious ruins: Rescuing the Spafford farmstead from the forgotten war of 1812

Abstract

The Amos Spafford farmstead (33Wo50) of Port Miami in northwest Ohio disappeared from the historical record after the War of 1812. Port Miami, a Franco-American village, was the first U.S. federal customs facility established in Ohio in 1805. It was destroyed in 1812 by a British and Native American detachment led by Captain Peter Latouche Chambers (British 41st Regiment of Foot), the Shawnee leader Tecumseh, and the Wyandot leader Roundhead. Port Miami’s destruction became lost over the years to the historical memory and consciousness of Ohio. Salvage excavations of the Spafford farmstead (1810–1823) in 1977 and its history provide an archaeological window within which to view Port Miami’s obliteration and its recovery to the community heritage of the state.

Keywords

War of 1812 farmstead Port Miami Amos Spafford Tecumseh Roundhead Peter Latouche Chambers Northwest Ohio

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Albert

(1997) Record of American Uniform and Historical Buttons Bicentennial Edition, Alexandria, VA: O’Donnell Publications.

American Antiquarian Society (ed) (1816) Early American Imprints, 1801-1819: 39585: U.S. 14th Congress, 1815-1817, House Report and Bill on the Petition of Amos Spafford, 22 February 1816. 39586 (microfiche 1242). 2nd Series. Washington, DC: U.S. Congress, p.55.

Andreas

Baskin

(1875) An Illustrated Historical Atlas of Lucas & Part of Wood Counties, Ohio, Chicago, IL: Lakeside Building.

Antal

(1998) A Wampum Denied: Procter’s War of 1812, Ottawa, Canada: Carleton University Press.

(1981) War on the Raisin: A Narrative Account of the War of 1812 in the River Raisin Settlement, Michigan Territory, Monroe, MI: Monroe County Historical Commission.

Averill

(1886) Fort Meigs, A Condensed History of the Most Important Military Point in the Northwest, Together with Scenes and Incidents Connected With the Sieges of 1813, and a Minute Description of the Old Fort and its Surroundings, as They Now Appear, Toledo, OH: Blade Printing and Paper Co.

Barber GA (comp) (1933–1947) Deaths from the New York Evening Post. Vols. 1–54, n.p.

Barker

(2007) Creamware in context. In: Walford

Massey

(eds) Creamware and Pearlware Re-Examined, Beckenham, UK: The English Ceramic Circle, pp. 31–42.

Barlow

(1969) The coming of the war of 1812 in the Michigan territory. Michigan History 53(2): 91–107.

10.

Bowers

(1984) American gold. American Heritage Magazine 36(1): 1–6.

11.

Campbell

(1965) Military buttons, long-lost heralds of Ft. Mackinac’s past. Mackinac History 1(7): 1–5.

12.

Carter C (comp and ed) (1934–1944) Amos Spafford, Fort Meigs to Josiah Meigs, Washington City, June 9, 1816. In: The Territorial Papers of the United States (28 vols.) [microform] (The Territory of Michigan) (vol. 10). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, pp.650–651.

13.

Chartrand

(1992) Uniforms and Equipment of the United States Forces in the War of 1812, Youngstown, NY: Old Fort Niagara Association, Inc.

14.

Cruikshank EA (ed) (2001a) Articles of Capitulation, 16 August 1812. In: Documents Relating to the Invasion of Canada and the Surrender of Detroit 1812. Stratford, NH: Ayer Company Publishers, Inc., pp.146–147.

15.

Cruikshank EA (ed) (2001b) Return of arms and stores at the River Au Raisin, August 20, 1812. In: Documents Relating to the Invasion of Canada and the Surrender of Detroit 1812. Stratford, NH: Ayer Company Publishers, Inc., p.176.

16.

Cruikshank EA (ed) (2001c) Major P. L. Chambers to Colonel Procter, August 24, 1812, Detroit. In: Documents Relating to the Invasion of Canada and the Surrender of Detroit 1812. Stratford, NH: Ayer Company Publishers, Inc., p.175.

17.

Cruikshank EA (ed) (2001d) Extract from an original journal of Charles Askin in the Canadian archives. In: Documents Relating to the Invasion of Canada and the Surrender of Detroit 1812. Stratford, NH: Ayer Company Publishers, Inc., pp.243–247.

18.

Cruikshank EA (ed) (2001e) Return of provisions found at the Miami Rapids, 21 August 1812. In: Documents Relating to the Invasion of Canada and the Surrender of Detroit 1812. Stratford, NH: Ayer Company Publishers, Inc., p.177.

19.

Cumming

(1810) Sketches of a Tour to the Western Country Through the States of Ohio and Kentucky: A Voyage down the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers and a Trip Through the Mississippi Territory and part of West Florida. Commenced at Philadelphia in the winter of 1807, and concluded in 1809, Pittsburgh, PA: Cramer, Spear, and Eichbaum, pp. 477–479.

20.

Dana

(1861) Toledo – past, present, and future. The Merchants Magazine and Commercial Review 45: 575.

21.

Darnell

(1854) A Journal Containing an Accurate and Interesting Account of the Hardships, Sufferings, Battles, Defeat, and Captivity of Those Heroic Kentucky Volunteers and Regulars Commanded by General Winchester, in the Years 1812-1813, Also Two Narratives by Men That Were Wounded in the Battles on the River Raisin, and Taken Captive by the Indians, Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Grambo, and Co.

22.

Darnell

(1914) A journal of the hardships, sufferings, battles, defeat, and captivity of those heroic Kentucky volunteers and regulars commanded by General Winchester in the Years 1812-1813. The Magazine of History with Notes and Queries 31: 5–53.

23.

Doyle

(1919) A Story of Early Toledo: Historical Facts and Incidences of the Early Days of the City and Environs, Bowling Green, OH: C.S. Van Tassel.

24.

Errington

(2001) Reluctant warriors: British North Americans and the War of 1812. In: Skaggs

Nelson

(eds) The Sixty Years’ War for the Great Lakes, 1754-1814, East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press, pp. 325–336.

25.

Esarey L (ed) (1922) Governors Messages and Letters (vol. 2). Indianapolis, IN: Indiana Historical Collections, pp. 93–94.

26.

Evers CW (comp and prep) (1908) Dedication of Fort Meigs Monument September 1, 1908, Description of the Monument – What it Commemorates – Historic Spots to be Seen from the ShaftTreaty of 1817 – The Elm – Dudley’s Disaster – Fort Miami – British Batteries – Burial Grounds, Etc., Together with Brief Description of the Two Sieges of Fort Meigs in 1813. Bowling Green, OH: Democrat Print.

27.

Evers

Leeson

(1897) Commemorative, Historical and Biographical Record of Wood County, Ohio; Its Past and Present; Early Settlement and Development; Aboriginal History; Pioneer History; Political Organization; Agricultural; Manufacturing; Commercial Interests; Including Oil and Gas; History of the County; Townships, Towns and Villages; Religious; Educational; Social; Political and Military History; Including Roster by Townships; Statistical and Miscellaneous Matter; Biographies and for Traits of Early Settlers and Representative Citizens, etc. (2 vols), Chicago, IL: J. H. Beers & Co.

28.

Evers

Evers-Ross

(1909) The Pioneer Scrap-Book of Wood County and the Maumee Valley, Bowling Green, OH: Democrat Print.

29.

Evans

(1904) A pedestrious tour, of four thousand miles, through the western states and territories, during the winter and spring of 1818, interspersed with brief reflections upon a great variety of topics: Religious, moral, political, sentimental, &c., &c. In: Thwaites

(ed.) Early Western Travels, 1748-1846: A Series of Annotated Reprints of Some of the Best and Rarest Contemporary Volumes of Travel, Descriptive of the Aborigines and Social and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West, During the Period of Early American Settlement, (vol. 8.), Cleveland, OH: The Arthur H. Clark Co, pp. 101–364.

30.

Fay and Davison (1815) Sketches of the War between the United States and the British Isles: Intended as a Faithful History of all the Material Events from the Time of the Declaration in 1812, To and Including the Treaty of Peace in 1815: Interspersed with Geographical Descriptions of Places, and Biographical Notices of Distinguished Military and Naval Commanders. (2 vols), Rutland, VT: Fay and Davison.

31.

Foster E (ed) (1996) The Maumee settlement and the War of 1812: Philothe Clark recalls her family’s flight to Urbana 1811–1812. In: The Ohio Frontier: An Anthology of Early Writings. Lexington, KY: The University Press of Kentucky, pp. 133–135.

32.

Franks

(2011) Amos Spafford’s Proposed Boundaries for his 160-Acre Pre-Emptive Land Grant, Perrysburg, OH: Franks, pp. 16.

33.

Harper

(2013) Two silver Spanish coins from rural Rhode Island. The SHA Newsletter 46(2): 34–35.

34.

Hickey

(1995) The War of 1812: A Forgotten Conflict, Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.

35.

Hickey

(2001) The war of 1812: Still a forgotten conflict. The Journal of Military History 65: 765.

36.

Hosmer HL (1858) Josiah Meigs to A. Spafford, Esq., April 12, 1816, Washington City. In: Early History of the Maumee Valley. Toledo, OH: Hosmer and Harris.

37.

Hutslar

(1992) Log Construction in the Ohio Country 1750-1850, Athens, OH: Ohio University Press.

38.

James CH and James TF (eds) (1875) History of Wood County, Ohio. In: Historical Atlas of the World. Chicago, IL: H.H. Hardesty & Co.

39.

Johnson AA (2011) A history of Fort Meigs: The fort’s reconstruction as reflection of sense of place to northwest Ohio. MA Thesis, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA.

40.

Justus

(1995) Friendly First Church: The History of the First United Methodist Church of Perrysburg, Ohio, 1819–1995, Perrysburg, OH: Justus.

41.

Justus

(2003) The Spaffords of Wood County [Ohio], Perrysburg, OH: Way Public Library.

42.

Kagin

(1984) Monetary aspects of the treasury notes of the War of 1812. The Journal of Economic History 44(1): 69–88.

43.

Kansteiner

(2002) Finding meaning in memory: A methodological critique of collective memory studies. History and Theory 41: 180.

44.

Kaatz MR (1952) The Settlement of the Black Swamp of Northwestern Ohio. PhD Thesis, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA, pp.32, 35.

45.

Kniffen

(1965) Folk housing: Key to diffusion. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 55: 559.

46.

Kniffen

Glassie

(1966) Building in wood in the Eastern United States: A time-place perspective. Geographical Review 56: 49.

47.

Knopf RC (transc) (1957–1962a) Lewis Bond, Miami of the lake to Thomas Worthington, Esq., January 15, 1812. In: The Document Transcriptions of the War of 1812 in the Northwest (Thomas Worthington and the War of 1812) (vol. 3). Columbus: Anthony Wayne Parkway Board and the Ohio State Museum, p.42.

48.

Knopf RC (transc) (1957–1962b) Amos Spafford to William Eustis, Miami Rapids, February 25, 1812. In: The Document Transcriptions of the War of 1812 in the Northwest (Letters to the Secretary of War, 1812), part 1 (vol. 6). Columbus, OH: Anthony Wayne Parkway Board and the Ohio State Museum, p.61.

49.

Knopf RC (transc) (1957–1962c) Amos Spafford to William Eustis, Miami Rapids, April 21, 1812. In: Document Transcriptions of the War of 1812 in the Northwest (Letters to the Secretary of War, 1812), part 1 (vol. 6). Columbus, OH: Anthony Wayne Parkway Board and the Ohio State Museum, p.152.

50.

Knopf RC (transc) (1957–1962d) Lewis Bond’s Journal of the War of 1812. In: Document Transcriptions of the War of 1812 in the Northwest (Western Reserve Historical Society War of 1812 Collection), part 1 (vol. 10). Columbus, OH: Anthony Wayne Parkway Board and the Ohio State Museum, pp. 188–189.

51.

Kraljevich

Jr (2011) Crowns of Colonial America. Coin World 52(2680): 1–2.

52.

Krause

Mishler

(1996) Standard Catalog of World Coins 1801-1900, Iola, WI: Krause Publications.

53.

Lee

Glaze

(2009) Final Report: Faunal Remains from the 1977 Investigations at 33Wo50, Wood County, Ohio, Toledo, OH: Laboratory of Archaeology.

54.

Lindley H (ed) (1975) Book of Fort Meigs and the War of 1812: Orderly Cushing’s Company, 2nd U.S. Artillery, April, 1813 – February, 1814 and Personal Diary of Captain Daniel Cushing October, 1812–July, 1813. 2nd ed. Columbus, OH: The Ohio Historical Society.

55.

Lowenthal

(1985) The Past is a Foreign Country, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

56.

Massey

(2007) Understanding creamware. In: Walford

Massey

(eds) Creamware and Pearlware Re-Examined, Beckenham, UK: English Ceramic Circle, pp. 15–30.

57.

Mauer M (1946) Some aspects of the development of Wood County, Ohio, 1820–1860. MA Thesis, Ohio State University, Columbus.

58.

Michigan Pioneer and Historical Society (1903) Amos Spafford, Miami Rapids to Reuben Attwater, Acting Governor, Detroit, January 23, 1812. Historical Collections and Researches 32: 525.

59.

Michigan Pioneer and Historical Society (1909) Edward Dewar to Colonel McDouall, Amherstburg, October 19, 1812. Historical Collections and Researches 15: 169–171.

60.

Michigan Pioneer and Historical Society (1910a) Sabbath breaking and other evils, presentment of the grand jury, District of Erie, September 1806. Historical Collections and Researches 37: 446.

61.

Michigan Pioneer and Historical Society (1910b) Petition of inhabitants of Miami against John Lee Jus. Peace., Miami, February 20, 1811. Historical Collections and Researches 37: 462–463.

62.

Miller

(1991a) Thoughts towards a user's guide to ceramic assemblages, part I: Lumping sites into mega-assemblages by those that cannot tell time. Council for Northeast Historical Archaeology Newsletter 18: 2–5.

63.

Miller

(1991b) A revised set of CC index values for English ceramics. Historical Archaeology 25(1): 1–25.

64.

Miller

(1993) Thoughts towards a user’s guide to ceramic assemblages, part four: Some thoughts on classification of white earthenwares. Council for Northeast Historical Archaeology Newsletter 26: 4–7.

65.

Miller

Martin

Dickinson

(1994) Changing consumption patterns: English ceramics and the American market from 1770 to 1840. In: Hutchins

(ed.) Everyday Life in the Early Republic, Winterthur, DE: Henry Francis Du Pont Winterthur Museum, pp. 219–247.

66.

Musham

(1945) The early Great Lakes steamboats – The Walk-in-the-Water. The American Neptune 5: 27–42.

67.

National Genealogical Society (1939) Amos Spafford, Miami Rapids. National Genealogical Society Quarterly 27: 119.

68.

Naveaux

(2008) Invaded on All Sides: The Story of Michigan’s Greatest Battlefield Scene of the Engagements at Frenchtown and the River Raisin in the War of 1812, Marceline, MO: Walsworth Publishing Company.

69.

Nelson

(1986) The mapping of Fort Meigs. Northwest Ohio Quarterly 58: 123–142.

70.

Nelson

(1999) Fort Meigs: War of 1812 Battleground, Columbus, OH: Ohio Historical Society.

71.

Noël Hume

(1991) A Guide to Artifacts of Colonial America, New York, NY: Vintage Books.

72.

Office of the Wood County Recorder of Ohio (n.d.-a) Daniel Strzesynski Spafford’s Grant Survey, 10 May 1977. In: Deed Book (vol. 535). Bowling Green, OH: Office of the Wood County Recorder of Ohio, pp. 56–57.

73.

Office of the Wood County Recorder of Ohio ((n.d.-b) Plat of the Town of Orleans, Perrysburg Township, Wood County, Ohio, by Seneca Allen, December 1825, Bowling Green, OH: Office of the Wood County Recorder of Ohio.

74.

Office of the Wood County Recorder of Ohio (n.d.-c) United States to Amos Spafford, 23 February 1818. In: Deeds (vol. A). Bowling Green, OH: Office of the Wood County Recorder of Ohio, pp.9–10.

75.

Office of the Wood County Recorder of Ohio (n.d.-d) Last will and testament of Amos Spafford, Champaign County, 29 April 1817. In: Probated Wills. Bowling Green, OH: Office of the Wood County Recorder of Ohio, pp.25–26.

76.

Oblinger

(1909) Commemorative Exercises at the Unveiling and Dedication of the Fort Meigs Monument, September 1, 1908, Toledo, OH: The Maumee Valley Pioneer and Historical Association.

77.

Ohio History Connection (n.d.-a) Strzesynski Site (33Wo50) File, Columbus, OH: Ohio Historic Preservation Office.

78.

Ohio History Connection (n.d.-b) Fort Meigs National Historic Landmark file, Columbus, OH: Ohio Archaeological Inventory, Ohio Historic Preservation Office.

79.

Ohio History Connection (n.d.-c) Plat map of U.S. Twelve Miles Square Reserve at the Foot of the Rapids of the Miami of Lake Erie, Columbus, OH: Archives and Library.

80.

Pickard

Johnston

(n.d.) Spafford Family Burials Excavation Notebook, Columbus, OH: State Historic Preservation Office, Ohio History Connection.

81.

Porter

(1987) Toledo Profile: A Sesquicentennial History, Toledo, OH: Toledo Sesquicentennial Commission.

82.

Pratt

(1985) The rise and fall of Fort Miamis: The best laid plans. In: Ball

DiBlasi

(eds) Proceedings of the Symposium on Ohio Valley Urban and Historic Archaeology, (vol. 3), Louisville, KY: Archaeological Survey, University of Louisville, pp. 122–127.

83.

Rapparlie DF and Urban DR (1966) Soil Survey of Wood County, Ohio. Columbus, OH: U.S. Department of Agriculture in Cooperation with Ohio Department of Natural Resources and Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station.

84.

Rauch

(2012) A stain upon the nation? A review of the Detroit campaign of 1812 in United States military history. The Michigan Historical Review (Special Issue: The War of 1812) 38(1): 129–153.

85.

Robbins RA and Lantz AM (2007) Soil Survey of Wood County, Ohio. Columbus: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, in cooperation with the Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Soil and Water Conservation; and the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Ohio State University.

86.

Schlereth

(1983) The New England presence on the Midwest Landscape. The Old Northwest: A Journal of Regional Life and Letters 9: 125–142.

87.

Schlereth

(1992) Cultural History & Material Culture: Everyday Life, Landscapes, and Museums, Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press.

88.

Sciulli

(2003) Analysis of the skeletal remains from the Spafford family cemetery. Contract Report of Ohio State University submitted to the City of Perrysburg, OH, Columbus, OH: Ohio State University.

89.

Sherman CE (1976) Original Ohio Land Subdivisions (vol. 3). Columbus, OH: Ohio Cooperative Topographic Survey, Division of Geological Survey, Department of Natural Resources.

90.

Simonis

(1979) Maumee River 1835, With the William C. Holgate Journal May 16–June 24, 1835 from Utica, New York to Huntington, Indiana, Defiance, OH: The Defiance County Historical Society.

91.

Smith

(1948) Major Amos Spafford. Northwest Ohio Quarterly 20: 203–205.

92.

Society for American Archaeology (1982) Current research. American Antiquity 47(3): 664.

93.

Spencer RL (1988) The Gibraltar of the Maumee: Fort Meigs in the War of 1812. PhD Thesis, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, USA.

94.

Stothers

Cufr

(1980) An assessment of the prehistoric and historic archaeological resources of the city of Perrysburg, Wood County, Ohio. Report submitted to the Ohio Historic Preservation Office, Columbus, Ohio, under contract by the University of Toledo, Toledo, OH: University of Toledo.

95.

Taylor

(2010) The Civil War of 1812: American Citizens, British Subjects, Irish Rebels, & Indian Allies, New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf.

96.

The Blade (1837) First boats. 16 May, vol. 2, no. 9, 4.

97.

The Blade (2002) Final rest is elusive for city’s pioneers, Perrysburg bones remain at Ohio State. 5 November, Section B, p. 3.

98.

The Blade (2003a) Spaffords lay to rest Perrysburg kin. 11 May, Section B, p. 4.

99.

The Blade (2003b) Family split on burial site for ancestors’ bones. 29 January, 2, Section B, p. 2.

100.

Thelen D (1989) Memory and American history. Journal of American History 75: 1118.

101.

Toledo-Lucas County Public Library (n.d.) Orleans 1814 survey, Bugby AS, Card Index Call No. 1814.1b [Framed Original]. Toledo, OH.

102.

Tucker

Heyman

(2012) Welcome to hard times: Two French merchants and militiamen in the Detroit River region during the War of 1812. The Michigan Historical Review (Special Issue: The War of 1812) 38(1): 53–82.

103.

United States Congress (1853) The Debates and Proceedings in Congress of the United States, An Appendix Containing Important State Papers and Public Documents, The Laws of a Public Nature with Copious Index, Twelfth Session – First Session, Comprising the Period from November 4, 1811 to July 6, 1812, Inclusive Compiled from Authentic Materials, Washington, DC: Gales and Seaton, pp. 86.

104.

United States Congress (1836) Petition of David Hull, June 15, 1836. In: U.S. Congress Serial Set 295 Congress Session 24-1(1835-1846). Sessional vol. 3. Washington, DC: House Report 770, 2 pp.

105.

United States Congress (1832–1861a) Public lands (1834). In: Lowrie W and St. Clair Clarke M (sel. and eds.) American State Papers: Documents, legislative and Executive, of the Congress of the United States, from the First Session to the First to the Third Session of the Thirteenth Congress, Inclusive: Commencing March 2, 1789, and Ending March 3, 1815. vol. 6, 38 vols. Washington, DC: Gales and Seaton, p.656.

106.

United States Congress (1832–1861b) John Johnston, Indian Agent, Piqua Town, Ohio, May 1, 1812. In: Lowrie W and St. Clair Clarke M (sel. and eds.) American State Papers: Documents, legislative and Executive, of the Congress of the United States, from the First Session to the First to the Third Session of the Thirteenth Congress, Inclusive: Commencing March 2, 1789, and Ending March 3, 1815. 38 vols. Indian Affairs, vol. 1 [vol. 4]. Washington City: Gales and Seaton, p.807.

107.

United States Congress (1805) A bill, to establish the district of Genesee, of Buffaloe Creek, and of Miami; and to alter the port of entry of the district of Erie; U.S. House of Representatives, 8th Congress, 2nd Session, January 18, pp. 120–122. Washington, DC: United States Congress, 8th Congress, 2nd Session.

108.

United States Congress (1820) Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States, Being the Second Session of the Sixteenth Congress Begun and Held at the City of Washington, November 13, 1820, in the Forty Fifth Year of the Independence of the United States, (vol. 14), Washington, DC: Gales and Seaton, pp. 142.

109.

United States Congress (1831) Committee of claims report on petition of David Hull, January 18, 1831. 21st Congress, 1st Session, House of Representatives, Report No. 37, 2 pp, In: U.S. Congress, Reports of Committees of the House of Representatives at the Second Session of the Twenty-First Congress, begun and held at the City of Washington, December 6, 1830; and in the Fifty-Fifth Year of the Independence of the United States. Washington, DC: Duff Green.

110.

United States National Park Service (2006) Fallen Timbers Battlefield and Fort Miamis National Historic Site – General Management Plan, Toledo, OH: Department of the Interior and Metropolitan Park District of the Toledo Area.

111.

Waggoner

(1888) History of the City of Toledo and Lucas County, Ohio, New York, NY: Munsell & Co.

112.

Wendler

(1988) The Foot of the Rapids: The Biography of a River Town – Maumee, Ohio, 1838-1888, Canton, OH: Daring Books.

113.

Western Reserve Historical Society (n.d.) Ship owners, masters, and others to the President of the United States [undated and unsigned]. Benjamin F. Stickney (1775-1857) Papers, 1800-1892, manuscript collection no. 3450. Cleveland, OH, USA.

114.

Whittlesey Col. CA (1867) Amos Spafford, Perrysburg, April 11, 1843, by Hezekiel Hosmer. In: Early History of Cleveland, Ohio with Biographical Notices of the Pioneers and Surveyors. Cleveland, OH: Fairbanks, Benedict & Co., pp.348–351.

115.

Williams

(1813) Interesting topography of Ohio. Weekly Register 4(98): 314–321.

116.

Wyckoff

(1984) United States Military Buttons of the Land Services 1787-1902: A Guide and Classificatory System, Bloomington, IL: McLean County Historical Society.