The Press in Singapore: Freedom and Accountability in the Asian Dialectic

Bailey Charles W. 1990. Newspapers needs ombudsmen: An editor's view. Washington Journalism Review 1 (November): 31–34.

Bernstein James M. 1986. The public's view of newspaper accountability. Newspaper Research Journal 7: 1–9.

Cherian George . 1993. Singapore. In The unfolding lotus: East Asia's changing media, ed. Heuvel Jon Vanden , and Dennis Everette E. , 131–145. A Report of the Freedom Forum Media Studies Center at Columbia University, New York.

Ettema James S. , and Glasser Theodore L. . 1987. Public accountability or public relations? Newspaper ombudsmen define their role. Journalism Quarterly 64: 3–12.

Gannett Center for Media Studies. 1988. Media freedom and accountability. A conference report by the Gannett Foundation Program at Columbia University, New York.

Graham-Yooll, Andrew . 1993. New dawn for press freedom? A personal and prejudiced opinion. Media Studies Journal 7 (4): 21–27.

Hachten William A. 1989. Media development without press freedom: Lee Kuan Yew's Singapore. Journalism Quarterly 66 (4): 822–827.

Hardt Hanno . 1983. Press freedom in Western societies. In Comparative mass media systems, ed. John Martin L. , and Chaudhary Anju G. , 291–308. New York: Longman.

Hardt Hanno . 1988. Comparative media research: The world according to America. Critical Studies in Mass Communication 5: 129–146.

Hartung Barbara , JaCoby Alfred , and Dozier David . 1988. Readers' perceptions of purpose of newspaper ombudsman program. Journalism Quarterly 65 (4): 914–919.

Kraft Joseph . 1981. The imperial media. Commentary 71 (5): 36–47.

Kuo Eddie . 1992. Confucianism as political discourse in Singapore: The case of an incomplete revitalization movement. Working paper in the Department of Sociology, National University of Singapore.

Lent John A. 1978. Press freedom in Asia: The quiet but completed revolution. Gazette 24 (1): 41–60.

Lichter, Robert S , Rothman Stanley , and Lichter Linda S. . 1986. The media elite. Bethesa, Maryland: Alder and Alder.

Luskin John . 1972. Lippmann, liberty and the press. Alabama: University of Alabama Press.

Luther John , and Richstad Jim . 1983. The world's regions and journalism: Asia and the Pacific. In Global journalism, ed. Merrill John C. , 116–189. New York: Longman.

Magavero Donald T. 1982. The American press ombudsmen. Journalism Quarterly 59 (4): 548–553.

Mahathir M. 1981. Freedom of the press—fact and fallacy. News Straits Times, July 9, 14.

Mehra A. 1988. Press systems in ASEAN states. Singapore: Asian Mass Communication Research and Information Center.

Nam, Sun-woo . 1983. Press freedom in the Third World. In Comparative mass media systems, ed. John Martin L. , and Chaudhary Anju G. , 309–326. New York: Longman.

Nelson David , and Starck Kenneth . 1974. The newspaper ombudsman as viewed by the rest of the staff. Journalism Quarterly 51 (3): 453–457.

O'Neill, Michael J. 1983. A problem for the republic—A challenge for editors. In The adversary press, 1–23. A Modern Media Institute Ethics Center Seminar, Modern Media Institute, Florida.

de Sola Pool, Ithiel . 1983. Technologies of freedom. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.

Pritchard David . 1993. The impact of newspaper ombudsmen on journalists' attitudes. Journalism Quarterly 70 (1): 77–86.

Pye Lucian W. 1963. Communications and political development. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.

Tan T. L. , The Singapore press: Freedom, responsibility and credibility. Occasional Paper 3, The Institute of Policy Studies, Singapore.

Tan, Yew Soon , and Peng Soh Yew . 1994. The development of Singapore's modern media industry. Singapore: Times Academic Press.

Tehranian Majid . 1990. Technologies of power: Information machines and democratic prospects. Norwood, New Jersey: Ablex.

Reston James . 1967. The artillery of the press. New York: Harper & Row, Colophon Books.

Ruud Charles A. 1979. Limits on the “freed” press of the 18th and 19th century Europe. Journalism Quarterly 56 (3): 521–530.

Schramm Wilbur . 1964. Mass media and national development. California: Stanford University Press.

Sussman Leonard R. 1989. Power, the press and the technology of freedom: The coming of ISDN. New York: Freedom House.

Vogel Ezra . 1989. A little dragon tamed. In Management of success: The molding of modern Singapore, ed. Sandhu Kernial Singh , and Wheatley Paul , 1049–1066. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.

Yeap, Soon Beng . 1994. The emergence of an Asian-centered perspective: Singapore's media regionalization strategies. Media Asia 21 (2): 62–73.

Yeap, Soon Beng . 1995. Relocation of authority in modernizing Asian economies: The emergence of less controlled media environments. Paper presented at the ASEAN Inter-University Seminar on Social Developments, Cebu, Philippines, 28-30 November.