Ainselie, Rosalynde.1966. The Press in Africa. London: Victor Gollancz, Ltd.
2.
Andreski, Stanislav.1968. The African Predicament. London: Michael Joseph, Ltd.
3.
Arens, W. and Ivan Karp.1989. Introduction to Creativity of power: Cosmology and Action in African Societies. Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press .
4.
Arnold, S. and A. Nikiti.1990. Culture and Development in Africa. Trenton, N. J.: Africa World Press.
Bakubi, M., Director, School of Journalism, Institute of Public Administration. Kampala, Uganda. Personal Communication, 14 June 1990.
7.
Barton, Frank.1966. Assignment Africa. Zurich: International Press Institute.
8.
Bellman, Beryl.1984. The Language of Secrecy. New Brunswick, N. J.: Rudgers University Press.
9.
Bohanen, Paul.1966. Africa and Africans. New York: American Museum of Natural History.
10.
Bourgault, L.1987. The oral tradition in the Nigerian Press. World Communication, 16, (Fall): 211-236.
11.
Bourgault, L.1989. Training researchers for development communication in Africa. World Communication, 18, (Spring): 73-92.
12.
Bourgault, L.1991. From Ritual to theatre: Village based drama for development in Africa. Journal of Development Communication, 2, (December): 49-73.
13.
Bourgault, L.1993. Training African Media Personnel : Some Psychocultural Considerations. Africana Journal, 16, 51-65.
14.
Bowen, Eleanor.1964. A Return to Laughter. Garden City, New York: American Museum of Natural History and Anchor Books.
15.
Carey, James.1981. "Culture, Technology, and Communication." Unpublished Manuscript. Champaign, Ill.University of Illinois.
16.
Chamard, Henri.1961. Histoire de la Pleiade II. Paris : Didier.
17.
Chernoff, John.1979. African Rhythm and Sensibility. Chicago : University of Chicago Press.
18.
Daimodo, David, Librarian, United States Information Service. Bangui, Central African Republic. Personal Communication, 1 June, 1990.
19.
de Heusch, Luc.1987. Heat, physiology, and cosmogony: Rites de passage among the Thonga. In Explorations in African Systems of Thought, eds. Ivan Karp and Charles Bird, 27-43. Washington and London : Smithsonian Institution Press.
20.
Da Silva, Tony, Chef et Conseiller de la Presse Présidentielle. Bangui, Central African Republic. Personal Communication, 31 May 1990.
21.
Dodd, Carley.1987. Dynamics of Intercultural Communication, 2nd ed. Dubuque, Iowa: Wm. C. Brown Publishers.
22.
Ebin, Victoria.1989. Transfers of power: The king and the Secret Society in a Time of Crisis. In Creativity of Power: Cosmology & Action in African societies, eds. W. Arens and Ivan Karp, 273-288. London and Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.
23.
Edeani, David.1985. Press ownership and control in Nigeria. In Mass Media, Culture, and Society in West Africa, ed. Frank Ugboajah, 44-62. Munich: Hans Zell .
24.
Eisenstein, Elizabeth.1979. The Printing Press as an Agent of Change, 2 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
25.
Elliott, Philip and Peter Golding.1979. Making the News. London: Macmillan.
26.
Eyoh, Hansel Ndumbe.1987. Theatre, Television, and Development: A Case for the Third World. Africa Media Review1, 3, 49-55.
27.
Fagan, P. and K. Acquah-Dadzie . no date. Law and the Land. In Handbook for African Journalists, ed. C. Udofia , 61-70. Washington, D.C. : World Press Freedom Committee.
28.
Fage, J.D.1969. A History of West Africa: An Introductory Survey. Cambridge: University Printing House.
29.
Fernandez, James.1975. The Exposition and Imposition of Order and Artistic Expression in Fang Culture. In The Traditional Artist in African Societies , ed. Warren D'Azevedo, 194-220. Bloomington : Indiana University Press.
30.
Finnegan, Ruth.1970. Oral Literature in Africa. London: Oxford University Press.
31.
Forssen, Anja.1979. Roots of Traditional Personality Development among the Zaramo in Coastal Tanzania. Helsinki: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies.
32.
Fortes, M. and E.E. Evans-Pritchard1940. African Political Systems . London: Oxford University Press .
33.
Geertz, Clifford.1973. The Interpretation of Cultures. New York: Basic Books.
34.
Golding, Peter.1977. Media Professionalism in the Third World: The Transfer of an Ideology. In Mass Communication and Society, eds. J. Curran, M. Gurevitch, and J. Woolacott, 291-309. London : Arnold.
35.
Goldstone, Jack.1986. Introduction to Revolutions: Theoretical, Comparative, and Historical Studies. Orlando, Florida: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovitcb.
36.
Griaule, Marcel.1948. Dieu d'eau. Entretiens avec Ogotommeli. Paris: Editions de Chene.
37.
Gottlieb, Alma.1989. Witches, Kings, and the Sacrifice of Identity of the Power of Paradox and the Paradox of Power Among the Beng of the Ivory Coast. In Creativity of Power: Cosmology & Action in African Societies , eds. W. Arens and Ivan Karp, 245-272. Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press.
38.
Goody, Jack.1977. The Domestication of the Savage Mind. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
39.
Goody, E.N.1970. Legitimate and Illegitimate Aggression in a West African State. In Witchcraft Confessions andAccusations, ed. M. Douglas.London: African Studies Association Monograph 9.
40.
Gouldner, A.W.1982a. The Dialectic of Ideology & Technology: The Origins of Grammar & Future of Ideology. New York: Oxford University Press.
41.
Gouldner, A.W.1982b. The Future of Intellectuals and the Rise of a New Class . New York: Oxford University Press .
42.
_. 1983. The Two Marxisms: Contradictions and Anomalies in the Development of Theory. New York: Oxford University Press.
43.
Harden, Blaine.1991. Dispatchesfrom a Fragile Continent.
44.
Hadfield, Peter.1991. Japan: Keeping in with the Club. Index on Censorship, 20, (August): 15-17.
45.
Hachten, William.1971. Muffled Drums: The News Media in Africa. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press.
46.
Head, Sidney, 1974. Broadcasting in Africa. Philadelphia : Temple University Press.
47.
Ho, D.Y.F.1976. On the concept of Face. American Journal of Sociology, 81, 867-884.
48.
Innis, Ralph.1950. Empire and Communications. Toronto : University of Toronto Press.
49.
_. 1951. The Bias of Communication. Toronto : University of Toronto Press.
50.
Kagame, Alexis.1956. La Philosophie bantu-rwandaise de l'etre. Brussels: Académie des sciences coloniales.
51.
_. 1976. La philosophie bantu comparée. Paris : Presence Africaine.
52.
Katz, Elihu and George Wedell.1978. Broadcasting in the Third World: Promise and Performance. London: Macmillan .
53.
Kohls, L.R.1984. The Values Americans Live By. Washington, D. C.: Meridian House International.
54.
Lent, John, Third World Consultants.Personal Communication , March 1987.
55.
Levi-Strauss, Claude.1966. The Savage Mind. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
56.
Luria, A.R.1976. Cognitive Development: Its Cultural and Social Foundation , trans. M. Lopez-Morillas and L. Solotaroff. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
57.
McLuhan, Marshall.1964. Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man. Boston: McGraw-Hill.
58.
_. 1969. The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographic Man. Boston: McGraw-Hill.
59.
Martin, J. John.1983. Africa. Global Journalism, ed. John Merrill, 190-238. New York: Longman .
60.
Merrill, J., C. Bryan, and M. Alisky.1970. The Foreign Press. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.
61.
Merrill, John.1991. Global Journalism. New York and London: Longman.
62.
Milton, John.1664. Areopagitica: A Speech of Mr. John Milton For Liberty of Unlicensed Printing to the Parliament of England.
63.
Miyouna, Ludovic.1987. Text and Context in Information Production. Africa Media Review, 1, 3, 95-106.
64.
Moemeka, Andrew.1983. Socio-Cultural Environment of Communication in Traditional Nigeria: An Ethnographic Exploration. Communicatio Socialis16, 4, 331-346.
65.
Murphey, Sharon, and James Scotton.1987. Dependency and Journalism Education in Africa: Are There Alternative Models?. Africa Media Review , 1, 3, 11-35.
66.
Myrdal, Gunnar.1968. Asian Drama: An Inquiry into the Poverty of Nations. New York: Twentieth Century Fund.
67.
Mytton, Graham.1983. Mass Media in Africa. London: Edward Arnold.
68.
Nam, Sunwoo.1983. Press Freedom in the Third World. In Comparative Mass Media Systems, eds. Anju Chaudhury and L. John Martin.White Plains, New York: Longman.
69.
New Nigerian Newspapers, Kaduna, Nigeria.Personal communications with a variety of managers and reporters, May-June, 1981.
70.
Nigerian Television Authority, Kano, Nigeria.Personal Communication with a variety of managers, producers, directors, and technicians, Sept. - Oct. 1981, and Jan. 1983.
71.
Nigerian Television Authority, Kaduna, Nigeria.Personal Communications with a variety of managers and news reporters, May-June, 1981.
72.
Nwoga, D.I.1971. The Concept of Satire Among the Igbo. In Igbo Traditional Life, Culture, and Literature, eds. M. Echuero and E. Obeichina.Owerri, Nigeria: Conch Magazine, Ltd.
73.
Nwosu, I.1987. Mass Media Discipline and Control in Contemporary Nigeria: A Contextual Critical Analysis. Gazette, 39, 2, 17-29.
74.
Obeichina, Emmanuel.1975. Culture, Tradition, and Society in the West African Novel . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
75.
Obeng-Quaidoo, Isaac.1985. Culture and Communication Research Methodologies. Gazette, 36, 2, 149-161.
76.
Oduko, Segun.1987. From Indigenous Communication to Modem Television: A Reflection of Political Development in Nigeria. Africa Media Review, 1, 4, 1-10.
77.
Okibo, Charles.1989. Communication Ethics and Social Change: A Nigerian Perspective . In Communication Ethics and Global Change, eds. T. Cooper, C. Christians , F. F. Plude, and R. White, 124-136. White Plains, New York: Longman.
78.
Ong, Walter.1982. Orality and Literacy. London and New York: Methuen.
79.
_. 1977. Interface of the Word. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.
80.
Packer, George.1984. The Village of Waiting. New York: Vintage Books.
81.
Postman, Neil.1985. Amusing Ourselves to Death. New York : Viking Penguin.
82.
Pratt, Cornelius.1990. Ethics in Newspaper Editorials: Perceptions of Sub-Saharan African Journalists. Gazette, 46,1, 7-40.
83.
Ratner, Carl.1991. Vygotsky's Sociohistorical Psychology and its Contemporary Applications. New York and London : Plenum Press.
84.
Reisman, Paul.1986. The Person and the Life Cycle in African Social Life and Thought. African Studies Review, 29 (September): 71-138.
85.
Ruijter, José.1989. State and Media in Africa—A Quarrelsome Though Faithful Marriage, Gazette, 44, 1, 57-69.
86.
Saitoti, Tepilit Ole. 1986. The World of a Masai Warrior: An Autobiography . Berkeley and Los Angeles. University of California Press.
87.
Schechner, Richard.1985. Between Theatre and Anthropology. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
88.
Scotton, James.Training in Africa. In Broadcasting in Africa, ed. Sidney. Head, 281-285. Philadelphia : Temple University Press.
89.
Siebert, Fred, Theodore Peterson, and Wilbur Schramm.1956. The Four Theories of the Press. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
90.
Sieber, Roy. and Rosalyn Walker.1987. African Art in the Cycle of Life. Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution.
91.
Sing, Michael and Gary Hunt.1986. The Press & Politics in Nigeria: A Case Study of Developmental Journalism. Boston College Third World Law Journal, 6, 2, 85-110.
92.
Stevenson, Robert.1988. Communication, Development, and the Third World. White Plains, New York: Longman.
93.
Stride, G.T. and C. Ifeka, 1971. Peoples and Empires of West Africa. New York: Africana Publishing Company.
94.
Tehranian, Majid.1990. Technologies of Power. Norwood, New Jersey: Ablex.
95.
Thompson, W.I.1979. At the Edge of History. New York: Harper Torchbooks
96.
_. 1989. Imaginary Landscapes. Making Worlds of Myth & Science . New York: St. Martin's Press.
97.
Tshiämalenga, Nt.1973. La Vision Ntu de l'homme. Essai de philosophie linguistique et anthropologique. Cahiers des Religions Africaines, 7, 176-99.
98.
Turnbull, Colin.1977. Man in Africa. New York: Anchor Books, Doubleday.
99.
Turner, Victor.1974. Dramas, Fields, and Metaphors. Symbolic Action in Human Society. Ithica and London: Cornell University Press.
100.
_. 1977. The Ritual Process: Structure and Anti-Structure. Ithica: Cornell University Press.
101.
_. 1982. From Ritual to Theatre. New York: Performing Arts Journal.
Ugboajah, Frank.1985. Mass Media, Culture, and Society in West Africa. Munich, Germany: Hans Zell.
104.
Wilson, Des.1987. Organizing A Television Service for Rural Areas. Africa Media Review13, 36-48.
105.
Wilcox, Dennis.1975. Mass Media in Black Africa. New York : Praeger.
106.
Wright, Bonnie.1989. The Power of Articulation. In Creativity of Power, eds. William Arens and Ivan Karp, 39-58. Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution.
