Congenital Syngnathia or Fusion of the Gums and Jaws

Shah RM : Palatomandibular and maxillo-mandibular fusion, partial aglossia and cleft palate in a human embryo. Report of a case. Teratology 15:261–272, 1977.

Hochstetter F : Uber zwei Falle epithelialer Syngnathie bei menschlichen Keimlingen. DMW 108–2. Vienna, 1948, Springer-Verlag.

Burket LW : Congenital bony temporomandibular ankylosis and facial hemiatrophy; review of literature and report of case. JAMA 106:1719–1722, 1936.

Patterson G : Aglossia congenita with bony fusion of the jaw. Acta Chir Scand 122:93–95, 1961.

Salleh NM : Congenital partial fusion of the maxilla and mandible. Oral Surg 20:74–76, 1965.

Hoggins GS : Aglossia congenita with bony fusion of the jaws. Br J Oral Surg 7:63–65, 1969.

Dobrow B : Syngnathia and multiple defects. J Clin Dysmorphol 1:5–7, 1983.

Davis WB : Congenital deformities of the face. Surg Gynecol Obstet 61:201–209, 1935.

Mathis H : Uber einen Fall von Ernahrugsschwierigkeit bei connataler Syngathis. Dtsch Zahnarztl Z 16:1167–1171, 1962.

Addus H Pruzansky S : Postnatal craniofacial development in children with the oral-facial-digital syndrome. Arch Oral Biol 9:192–203, 1964.

Snijman PC Prinsloo JG : Congenital fusion of the gums. Am J Dis Child 112:593–595, 1966.

Spivack J Bennett JE : Glossopalatine ankylosis. Plast Reconstr Surg 42:129–136, 1968.

Bajaj P Bailey DN : Ectopic scrotum—a case report. Br J Plast Surg 22:87–89, 1969.

Scott CE : Aglossia adactylia syndrome. Birth Defects 7:281, 1971.

Stenberg N Sagher U Golan J Eidelman AI Ben-Hur N : Congenital fusion of the gums with bilateral fusion of the temporomandibular joints. Plast Reconstr Surg 72:385–387, 1983.

Gorlin RJ Pindborg JJ Cohen MM : Syndromes of the head and neck, ed 2. New York, 1976, McGraw-Hill Book Co.

Bixler D Poland C Nance WE : Popliteal pterygium syndrome in monozygous twins. Birth Defects 10:167–175, 1971.

Escobar V Weaver DD : The facio-genito-popliteal syndrome. Birth Defects 14:185–192, 1978.

Kalter H Deuschle FM : Congenital malformations experimentally induced by hypervitaminosis A. In Kreshover SJ McClure FJ , editors: Environmental variables in oral disease. Washington, DC, 1966, American Association for the Advancement of Science, pp 273–292.