Disease-Specific Self-Efficacy in Spasmodic Dysphonia Patients

Abstract

Objective

Self-efficacy (SE) is an optimistic self-belief that one can perform a novel task. This concept involves empowerment, self-esteem, and adaptation to a stressful situation. SE is a strong predictor of health behaviors. Our objectives were to study SE in spasmodic dysphonia (SD) and to develop a disease-specific SE-SD scale.

Study Design

Prospective study.

Setting

Academic hospital.

Subject and Methods

Disease-specific SE-SD items were developed with laryngologists, speech pathologists, and SD patients. These items, General SE Scale, Voice Handicap Index-10 (VHI-10), Consensus Auditory Perceptual Evaluation of Voice (CAPE-V), and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), were administered to SD patients who presented for botulinum toxin injections.

Results

One hundred forty-five SD patients (mean age 59.5 ± 13.6 years) had a general SE score (Cronbach’s α = 0.894) of 33.4 ± 5.2 out of 40. This was negatively correlated with HADS-A (r = −0.42, P < 0.001) and HADS-D (r = −0.42, P < .001), but not correlated with VHI-10 (r = −0.098, P = .243) and CAPE-V (r = −0.047, P = .57). Factor analysis selected 8 items from the general SE scale and 5 disease-specific SE-SD items to generate a 13-item disease-specific SE-SD scale (Cronbach’s α = 0.907). Disease-specific SE-SD score was 42.1 ± 6.9 out of 52 and was negatively correlated with VHI-10 (r = −0.19, P = .005), HADS-A (r = −0.43, P < .001), and HADS-D (r = −0.57, P < .001), but not correlated with CAPE-V (r = −0.024, P = .60).

Conclusion

SD patients established on botulinum toxin injections have high degrees of general and disease-specific SE. Patients with higher SE-SD demonstrate lower vocal handicap and lower levels of anxiety and depression. A 13-item disease-specific SE-SD scale has been developed.