The purpose of this study was to use a phenomenological approach to explore the essential structure of mothers' life experience when helping their first- to third-grade children with Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) make life adjustments at school. Twelve mothers whose children had been diagnosed with T1DM participated in this study at a teaching hospital in Taipei, Taiwan. Study results revealed six themes and identified the presence of various dynamic relationships between T1DM symptoms, the children's development, and collaborative self-care.
American Diabetes Association. (2005). Diabetes care in the school and day care setting. Diabetes Care, 28(Suppl. 1), S43-S49.
2.
American Diabetes Association. (2006). Diabetes care in the school and day care setting. Diabetes Care, 29(Suppl. 1), S49-S56.
3.
Chen, H., Chang, L., He, Y., & Liu, H. (2005). The peer group as a context: Moderating effects on relations between maternal parenting and social and school adjustment in Chinese children. Child Development, 76(2), 417-434.
4.
Chen, X., Wu, H., Chen, H., Wang, L., & Cen, G. (2001). Parenting practices and aggressive behavior in Chinese children. Parenting: Science and Practice, 1(3), 159-183.
5.
Faro, B., Ingersoll, G., & Ippolito, K.S. (2005). Improving students' diabetes management through school-based diabetes care. Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 19(5), 301-308.
6.
Friedman, A. (1998). Family nursing, research, theory, and practice . New York: Appleton & Long.
7.
Giorgi, A. (1997). The theory, practice, and evaluation of the phenomenological method as a qualitative research procedure. Journal of Phenomenological Psychology, 28, 189-194.
8.
Grey, M., Lipman, T., Cameron, M.E., & Thurber, F.W. (1997). Coping behaviors at diagnosis and in adjustment one year later in children with diabetes. Nursing Research , 46(6), 312-317.
9.
Grolnick, W.S., & Slowizczek, M.L. (1994). Parents' involvement in children's schooling: A multidimensional conceptualization and motivational model. Child Development, 65(1), 237-252.
10.
Hill, N.E., & Taylor, L.C. (2004). Parental school involvement and children's academic achievement. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 13(4), 161-171.
11.
Hindi-Alexander, M., Throm, J., & Middleton, E. (1987). Collaborative asthma self-management evaluation designs. Clinical Review ofAllergy, 5(3), 249-258.
12.
Huang, C., Chen, I., & Yu, S. (2004). Case management for school students with chronic disease: The current situation and future direction. Journal ofNursing, 52(2), 15-20.
13.
Husserl, F. (1970). Logical investigations (J. N. Findlay, Trans) . London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
14.
Kovascs, M., Makerji, M., Iyengar, S., & Drash, A. (1996). Psychiatric disorder and metabolic control among youths with IDDM: A longitudinal study. Diabetes Care, 19(4), 318-323.
15.
Kyngas, H. (1995). Meaning attached to compliance with self-care, and conditions for compliance among young diabetics. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 21(4), 729-736.
16.
Kyngas, H. (1999). A theoretical model of compliance in young diabetics . Journal of Clinical Nursing, 8(1), 73-80.
17.
Lin, J.D., Wu, J.L., & Yen, C.F. (2004). An exploratory study into health care policy for persons with intellectual disabilities in Taiwan. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 48(Pt 3), 252-261.
18.
Lincoln, Y.S., & Guba, E.G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
19.
Liu, Y. (2003). Parent-child interaction and children's depression: The relationships between parent-child interaction and children's depressive symptoms in Taiwan. Journal of Adolescence, 26(4), 447-457.
20.
Lowes, L., & Lyne, P. (1999). Chronic sorrow in parents of children with newly diagnosed diabetes: A review of the literature and discussion of the implications for nursing practice. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 32(1), 41-48.
21.
Meleis, A. (1994). Transitions: A central concept in nursing. Image: Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 26(2), 119-127.
22.
McDowell, D.J., Parke, R.D., & Spitzer, S. (2002). Parent and child cognitive representations of social situations and children's social competence. Social Development, 11(4), 469-486.
23.
Moore, J.B. (1998). Predictors of children's self-care performance: Testing the theory of self-care deficit. Scholarly Inquiry for Nursing Practice, 7(3), 199-212.
24.
Moustakas, C. (1994). Phenomenological research methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
25.
Nordfeldt, S., Johansson, C., Carlsson, E., & Hammersjo, J.-A. (2003). Prevention of severe hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes: A randomized controlled population study. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 88(3), 240-245.
26.
Notaras, E., Keatinge, D., Smith, J., Cordwell, J., Cotterell, D., & Nunn, E. (2002). Parent's perspectives of health-care delivery to their chronically ill children during school. International Journal of Nursing Practice, 8(6), 297-304.
27.
Roger, B. (1980). Development of children's concepts of illness . Pediatrics, 66(6), 912-917.
28.
Rovet, J., Ehrlich, R., Czuchta, S., & Akler, M. (1993). Psychoeducational characteristics of children and adolescents with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Journal of Learning Disability, 26(1), 7-22.
29.
Schilling, L.S., Grey, M., & Knafl, K.A. (2001). The concept of self-management of type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents: An evolutionary concept analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 37(1), 87-99.
30.
Schmidt, C. (2003). Mothers perceptions of self-care in school-aged children with diabetes. MCN: The American Journal of Maternal/ChildNursing, 28(6), 362-370.
31.
Shiek, D.T.L. (1999). Paternal and maternal influence on the psychological well-being of Chinese adolescents. Genetic, Social & General Psychology Monographs, 125(3), 269-297.
32.
Van Schaick, K.B., Smith, K.C., Chen, R.S., & Holmes, C.S. (2001). The effects of parent/ child locus of control and diabetes knowledge on dietary behaviors in children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Diabetes, 50(2), 397.
