Three methods of use of estimate tobacco products experimentation were examined in nineteen
schools (thirteen junior high schools and six high schools). Convergent and discriminant validity
of measures of student experimentation of cigarettes and smokeless tobacco were assessed using
Campbell and Fiske's (1959) criteria to analyze a multitrait-multimethod correlation matrix
produced by two traits (cigarettes and smokeless tobacco) and three methods (aggregated students'
self-report of tobacco experimentation, school personnel prevalence estimates of student tobacco experimentation, and school outdoor refuse evidence of tobacco products). The student
self-report and the school staff estimate methods demonstrated good convergent validity. The refuse
method showed convergent validity with the student self-reports of smokeless tobacco only. Evidence
for discriminant validity was only suggestive. It appears that the school personnel method is the
most useful and economic alternative for estimating school-level tobacco experimentation.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Barovich, M., S.W. Sussman, J. Galaif, C.W. Dent, and V.L. Charlin.1988. School and store interview-to-observation studies Phase 1: Assessment studies A and B, Project Towards No Tobacco Use (TNT). Technical Report #88-TNT-02. Pasadena: Institute for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Research, University of Southern California.
2.
Bauman, K.E. and C.W. Dent.1982. Influence of an objective measure of self-reports of behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology67:623-628.
3.
Bearden, W.O., S. Sharma, and J.E. Teel.1982. Sample size effects on chi-square and other statistics used in evaluating causal models. Journal of Marketing Research19:425-430.
4.
Boomsma, A.1982. The robustness of LISREL against small sample sizes in factor analysis models. In Systems under indirect observation: 1. Causality, structure, prediction, edited by K. Joreskög and H. Wold, 149-173. New York: North-Holland.
5.
Campbell, D.T., and D.W. Fiske.1959. Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix. Psychological Bulletin56 (2): 81-105.
6.
Chassin, L.A., C.C. Presson, S.J. Sherman, M. Bensenberg, E. Corty, and R.O. Olshavsky.1984. Predicting the onset of adolescent cigarettes smoking: A longitudinal study. Journal ofApplced Social Psychology14:224-243.
7.
Cole, D.A.1987. Utility of confirmatory factor analysis in test validation research. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology55:584-594.
8.
Collins, L.M., S. Sussman, J.M. Rauch, C.W. Dent, C.A. Johnson, W.B. Hansen, and B.R. Flay.1987. Psychosocial predictors or young adolescent cigarette smoking: A sixteen-month, three-wave longitudinal study. Journal of Applied Social Psychology17:554-573.
9.
Dent, C.W., S. Sussman, C.A. Johnson, W.B. Hansen, and B.R. Flay.1987. Adolescent smokeless tobacco incidence: Relations with other drugs and psychosocial variables. Preventive Medicine16:422-431.
10.
Evans, R.I., A. Henderson, P. Hill, and B. Raines.1979. Smoking in children and adolescents: Psychosocial determinants and prevention strategies. In The behavioral aspects of smoking, Research Monograph 26, edited by N. A. Krasnegor.Rockville, MD: NIDA.
11.
Flay, B.R., J.R. d'Avernas, J.A. Best, M.W. Kersell, and K.B. Ryan.1983. Cigarette smoking: Why young people do it and ways of preventing it. In Pediatric and adolescent behavioral medicine, edited by P. MacGrath and P. Firestone,132-183. New York: Springer-Verlag.
12.
Friedman, L.S., E. Lichtenstein, and A. Biglan.1985. Smoking onset among teens: An empirical analysis of initial situations. Addictive Behaviors10:1-13.
13.
Glynn, S.M., C.L. Gruder, and J. Jegerski.1986. Effects of biochemical validation of self-reported cigarette smoking on treatment success and misreporting abstinence . Health Psychology5 (2): 125-136.
14.
Graham, J.W., B.R. Flay, C.A. Johnson, W.B. Hansen, L. Grossman, and J.L. Sobel.1984. Reliability of self-report of drug use in prevention research: Evaluation of the Project SMART questionnaire via the test-retest reliability matrix. Journal of Drug Education14 (2): 175-193.
15.
Graham, J.W., L.A. Rohrbach, W.B. Hansen, B.R. Flay, and C.A. Johnson.1989. Convergent and discriminant validity for assessment of skill in resisting a role play alcohol offer. Behavioral Assessment11:353-379.
16.
Hahn, G., V.L. Charlin, S. Sussman, J. Manzi, C.W. Dent, A. Stacy, D. Burton, B.R. Flay, and W.B. Hansen. In press. Adolescents' first and last use situations of smokeless tobacco and cigarettes: Similarities and differences. Addictive Behaviors.
17.
Hansen, W.B., C.K. Malotte, and J.E. Fielding.1985. The bogus pipeline revisited: The use of threat of detection as a means of increasing self-reports of tobacco use . Journal of Applied Psychology70:789-792.
18.
Hubert, L.J. and F.B. Baker.1978. Analyzing the multitrait-multimethod matrix. Multivariate Behavioral Research13:163-179.
19.
Jessor, R. and S.L. Jessor.1977. Problem behavior and psychosocial development: A longitudinal study of youth. New York: Academic Press.
20.
Pechacek, T.F., B.H. Fox, D.M. Murray, and R.V. Luepker.1984. Review of techniques for measurement of smoking behavior. In Behavioral health: A handbook of health enhancement and disease prevention, edited by J. D. Matarazzo, J. A. Herd, N. E. Miller, and S. M. Weiss , 729-754. New York: Wiley.
21.
Rathje, W.L. and C.K. Ritenbaum.1984. Household refuse analysis: Basic method and applications to social science. American Behavioral Scientist28 (1): 5-160.
22.
Schmitt, N. and D.M. Stults.1986. Methodology review: Analysis of multitrait-multimethod matrices. Applied Psychological Measurement10:1-22.
23.
Schriesheim, C.A.1981. Leniency effects on convergent and discriminant validity for grouped questionnaire items: A further investigation. Educational and Psychological Measurement41:1093-1099.
24.
Stanley, J.C.1961. Analysis of unreplicated three-way classifications, with applications to rater bias and trait independence. Psychometrika26:205-219.
25.
Steiger, J.H.1980. Tests for comparing elements of a correlation matrix . Psychological Bulletin87 (2): 245-251.
26.
Sussman, S.1989. Two social influence perspectives of tobacco use development and prevention. Health Education Research: Theory and Practice4 (2): 213-223.
27.
Tucker, L.R.1966. Some mathematical notes on three-mode factor analysis . Psychometrika31:279-311.
28.
Webb, E.J., D.T. Campbell, R.D. Schwartz, and L. Sechrest.1966. Unobtrusive measures: Nonreactive research in the social sciences. Chicago: Rand McNally.
