This article analyzes young Canadian volunteer interns’ encounters with sociocultural difference within the Sport for Development and Peace (SDP) movement. Using Foucauldian bio-power, Third Wave, or transnational feminism and Hardt and Negri’s Empire, it examines how interns interpreted difference as markers of underdevelopment which secured the focus of the SDP movement on the underdevelopment of others. Following the Empire framework, this bio-political regulation centered on the corporeal and the somatic, key elements of the sporting experience, and drew on social interpretations of race and its intersections with gender and class. While interns offered some critical perspectives, the results corroborate recent analyses of international development in which neoliberal logic sustains the focus of development on the “conduct of conduct” and largely at the expense of attending to broader issues of inequality.
Ahmed, S. ( 2000). Strange encounters: Embodied others in post-coloniality . London and New York: Routledge.
2.
Baaz, M.E. ( 2005). The paternalism of partnership: A postcolonial reading of identity in development aid. London and New York: Zed Books.
3.
Burstyn, V. ( 1999). The rites of men: Manhood, politics, and the culture of sport. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: University of Toronto Press.
4.
Cole, C.L., Giardina, M.D., & Andrews, D. ( 2004). Michel Foucault: Studies of power and sport. In R. Giulianotti (Ed.), Sport and modern social theorists (pp. 207-223). New York: Palgrave MacMillan.
5.
Commonwealth Games Canada. (2008). International development through sport: Introduction. Retrieved July 3, 2008, from http://www.commonwealthgames.ca/IDS/index_e.aspx
6.
Darnell, S.C. ( 2009). Changing the world through sport and play: A post-colonial analysis of the experiences of young Canadians within the "Sport for Development and Peace" movement. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
7.
Darnell, S.C. ( 2010). Power, politics and "sport for development and peace": Investigating the utility of sport for international development. Sociology of Sport Journal, 27(1), 54-75.
8.
Deleuze, G., & Guattari, F. ( 1988). A thousand plateaus: Capitalism and schizophrenia. London: Athlone Press.
Epprecht, M. ( 2004). Work-study abroad courses in international development studies: Some ethical and pedagogical issues. Canadian Journal of Development Studies, 25, 687-706.
11.
Foucault, M. ( 1978). The history of sexuality (1st American ed.). New York: Pantheon.
12.
Foucault, M. ( 1997). Society must be defended: Lectures at the College de France. New York: Picador.
13.
Goldberg, D.T. ( 1993). Racist culture: Philosophy and the politics of meaning . Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
14.
Goldberg, D.T. ( 2009). The threat of race: Reflections on racial neoliberalism . Malden, MA: Blackwell.
15.
Goudge, P. ( 2003). The power of Whiteness: Racism in third world development and aid. London: Lawrence & Wishart.
16.
Hardt, M., & Negri, V. ( 2000). Empire. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
17.
Heron, B. ( 2007). Desire for development: Whiteness, gender, and the helping imperative. Waterloo, Ontario, Canada: Wilfrid Laurier University Press.
18.
Heywood, L. ( 2007). Producing girls: Empire, sport and the neoliberal body . In J. Hargreaves & P. Vertinsky (Eds.), Physical culture, power, and the body (pp. 101-120). New York: Routledge .
19.
Kapoor, D. (Ed.). (2009). Education, decolonization and development: Perspectives from Asia, Africa and the Americas . Rotterdam, Netherlands: Sense .
20.
Kidd, B. ( 2008). A new social movement: Sport for development and peace . Sport in Society, 11, 370-380.
21.
Kothari, U. ( 2006). An agenda for thinking about race in development. Progress in Development Studies, 6(1), 9-23.
22.
Li, T. ( 2007). The will to improve: Governmentality, development, and the practice of politics. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
23.
Markula, P., & Pringle, R. ( 2006). Foucault, sport and exercise: Power, knowledge and transforming the self. Abingdon, UK: Routledge .
24.
Mohanty, C.T. ( 2003). Feminism without borders: Decolonizing theory, practicing solidarity. New Delhi, India: Zubaan .
25.
Power, M. ( 2006). Anti-racism, deconstruction and "overdevelopment." Progress in Development Studies, 6(1), 24-39.
26.
Razack, N. ( 2005). "Bodies on the move": Spatialized locations, identities, and nationality in international work. Social Justice, 32(4), 87-104.
27.
Razack, S. ( 1998). Looking White people in the eye: Gender, race, and culture in courtrooms and classrooms. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: University of Toronto Press.
28.
Razack, S. ( 2008). Introduction: Barbara Heron "desire for development" book launch. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Toronto Women’s Bookstore.
29.
Shogan, D.A. ( 1999). The making of high-performance athletes: Discipline, diversity, and ethics. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: University of Toronto Press.
30.
Stoler, A.L. ( 1995). Race and the education of desire: Foucault’s history of sexuality and the colonial order of things. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
31.
Stoler, A.L. ( 2002). Carnal knowledge and imperial power: Race and the intimate in colonial rule. Berkeley: University of California Press.
32.
Thobani, S. ( 2007). Exalted subjects: Studies in the making of race and nation in Canada. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: University of Toronto Press.
33.
Tiessen, R. ( 2008). Educating global citizens? Canadian foreign policy and youth study/ volunteer abroad programs. Canadian Foreign Policy , 14(1), 77-84.
34.
United Nations General Assembly. (2003). Resolution 58/5: Sport as a means to promote education, health, development and peace. New York: Author.
35.
White, S. ( 2002). Thinking race, thinking development. Third World Quarterly, 23, 407-419.
