Most school administrators, teachers, and parents are concerned about our society's negative influences on children's intellectual develop ment. There is widespread worry about the impact of television, movies, video games, computer games, and other related activities. How do these environmental factors affect young people's intellectual development?
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Berliner, D. "Simple Views of Effective Teaching and a Simple Theory of Classroom Instruction." In Talks to Teachers, edited by D. Berliner and B. Rosenshine.New York: Random House, 1988.
2.
Bettes, B. "Maternal Depression and Motherese: Temporal and Intonational Features ." Child Development4( 1988): 1,089-96.
3.
Bronfenbrenner, U. "Freedom and Discipline Across the Decades." In Ordnung und Unordnung: Hartmut von Hentig, edited by G. Becker and L.Huber. Weinheim, Federal Republic of Germany: Beltz Verlag, 1985.
4.
Bronfenbrenner, U.; McClelland, P.; Wethington, E.; Moen, P.; and Ceci, S.J.The State of Americans: This Generation and the Next. New York: Free Press, 1996.
5.
Cahan, S., and Cohen, N. "Age Versus Schooling Effects on Intelligence Development." Child Development60(1989): 1,239-49.
6.
Ceci, S.J.On Intelligence. Cambridge, Mass.: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
7.
Flynn, J.R. "Massive IQ Gains in 14 Nations: What IQ Tests Really Measure." Psychological Bulletin101(1987 ): 171-91.
8.
—. "IQ Gains Over Time." In The Encyclopedia of Human Intelligence . New York: Macmillan, 1994.
9.
Grissmer, D.W.; Kirby, S.N.; Berends, M.; and Williamson, S.Student Achievement and the Changing American Family. Santa Monica, Calif.: Rand Institute on Education and Training, 1994.
10.
Hanushek, E.A. "The Economics of Schooling: Production and Efficiency in Public Schools ." Journal of Economic Literature24(1986): 1,141-77.
11.
Hayes, D.P. "Schoolbook Simplification and Its Relation to the Decline in SAT-Verbal Scores." American Journal of Education Research, Summer 1996.
12.
Hernandez, D.J. "Changing Demographics: Past and Future Demands for Early Childhood Programs." In The Future of Children: Long-Term Outcomes of Early Childhood Programs 3(1995): 145-60. (Published in California by The Center for the Future of Children.)
13.
Huttunen, M.O., and Niskanen, P. "Prenatal Loss of Father and Psychiatric Disorders." Archives of General Psychiatry35 ( 1978): 429-31.
14.
Owen L.None of the Above: Behind the Myth of Scholastic Aptitude. Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 1985.
15.
Riksen-Walraven, J.M. "Effects of Caregiver Behavior on Habituation Rate and Self-Efficacy in Humans." International Journal of Behavioral Development1(1978): 105-30.
16.
Rothstein, R., and Miles, K.H.Where's the Money Gone? Changes in the Level and Composition of Education Spending. Washington, D.C.: Economic Policy Institute, 1995.
17.
Smith, M.L. "Put to the Test: The Effects of External Testing on Teachers." Educational Researcher5(1991): 8-11.
18.
Stein, Z.; Susser, M.; Saenger, G.; and Marolla, F. "Nutrition and Mental Performance." Science178(1972): 708-13.
19.
Strupp, B.J., and Levitsky, D.A. "Enduring Cognitive Effects of Early Malnutrition: A Theoretical Reappraisal." TheJournal of Nutrition8S( 1995): 2,221S-32S.
20.
U.S. Bureau of the Census.Statistical Abstract of the United States. Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1992.
21.
Weinstein, C.S., and Mignano, A.Elementary Classroom Management: Lessons from Research and Practice. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1993.
22.
Williams, W.M. "Are We Raising Smarter Children Today? Home- and School-Related Influences on IQ." In Intelligence on the Rise: Secular Changes in IQ and Related Measures, edited by Ulric Neisser.Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association Books, in press.
23.
—. The Reluctant Reader. New York: Warner Books, 1996.
24.
Williams, W.; Blythe, T.; White, N.; Li, J.; Sternberg, R.; and Gardner, H.Practical Intelligence for School. New York: HarperCollins, 1995.
25.
Woolfolk, A.E.Educational Psychology. Boston, Mass.: Allyn and Bacon, 1995.