When schools are seen as learning organizations and professional com munities, attention is focused on teachers' work as a key instrument of reform. By emphasizing needed changes in the culture of schools and the daily practice of professionals, the reform movement can concen trate on the heart of the school—the teaching and learning process.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Bryk, A.S.; Lee, V.E.; and Holland, P.B.Catholic Schools and the Common Good. Boston, Mass. : Harvard Press, 1993.
2.
Carr, W., and Kemmis, S.Becoming Critical: Knowledge and Action Research. Philadelphia, Pa.: Falmer, 1986.
3.
Darling-Hammond, L., and Goodwin, A. "Progress Towards Professionalism in Teaching." In Challenges and Achievements of American Education: The 1993 ASCD Yearbook , edited by G. Cawelti.Alexandria, Va.: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, 1993.
4.
Gross, N.; Guiaquinta, J.; and Bernstein, M.Implementing Organizational Innovations: A Sociological Analysis of Planned Educational Change. New York: Basic , 1971.
5.
Hargreaves, A.Changing Teachers, Changing Times: Teachers Work and Culture in the Postmodern Age. New York: Teachers College Press, 1994.
6.
Lieberman, A.; Saxl, E.R.; and Miles, M.B. "Teacher Leadership: Ideology and Practice." In Building a Professional Culture in Schools, edited by A. Lieberman.New York: Teachers College Press, 1988.
7.
Little, J. "The Persistence of Privacy: Autonomy and Initiative in Teachers' Professional Relations." Teachers College Record4(1990): 509-36.
8.
—. "Contested Ground: The Basis of Teacher Leadership in Restructured High Schools." Elementary School Journal, in press.
9.
Louis, K.S. "Beyond Managed Change: Rethinking How Schools Change." School Effectiveness and School Improvement5(1994): 2-24.
10.
Louis, K.S., and King, J. "Professional Cultures and Reforming Schools: Does the Myth of Sisyphus Apply?" In Restructuring Schools, edited by J. Murphy and P. Hallinger.Newbury Park, Calif.: Corwin , 1993.
11.
Louis, K.S., and Kruse, S.Professionalism and Community in Schools. Newbury Park, Calif.: Corwin, 1995.
12.
Louis, K.S., and Miles, M.Improving the Urban High School: What Works and Why. New York: Teachers College Press, 1990 .
13.
Louis, K.S.; Marks, H.; and Kruse, S. "Teachers' Professional Community in Restructuring Schools." Paper presented at the annual meeting of theAmerican Educational Research Association, New Orleans, 1994.
14.
Murphy, J. "Transformational Change and the Evolving Role of the Principal." In Reshaping the Principalship: Insights for Transformational Reform Efforts, edited by J. Murphy and K. S. Louis.Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Corwin, 1994.
15.
Senge, P.The Fifth Discipline. New York: Doubleday, 1990.
16.
Sergiovanni, T.J.Building Community in Schools. San Francisco: Jossey Bass, 1994.
17.
Talbert, J.E., and McLaughlin, M.W.Understanding Teaching in Context. Washington, D.C.: Office of Educational Research and Improvement, 1993. (CRC-P92-142).
18.
Zeichner, K.M., and Tabachnick, B.R. "Reflections on Reflective Teaching." In Issues and Practices in Inquiry Oriented Teacher Education, edited by B. R. Tabachnick and K. M. Zeichner. London, England: Falmer , 1991.