Well known for their work and research in developing instruments for measuring leadership behavior, the Likerts in this article describe the application of System 4, a participative group model of management, to school administration. The system has been applied successfully in business and industry.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Belasco, J.A. "Educational Innovation: The Impact of Organizational and Community Variables on Performance Contract." Management Science20 (1973): 498-506.
2.
Bernhardt, R.G. "A Study of the Relationships between Teachers' Attitudes toward Militancy and Their Perceptions of Selected Organizational Characteristics of their Schools." Doctoral dissertation, Syracuse University. Ann Arbor, Mich.: University Microfilms, 1972, No. 72-11, 825.
3.
Bowers, D.G. "OD Techniques and Their Results in 23 Organizations: The Michigan ICL Study." The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, Vol. 9, Number 1, 1973.
4.
Bowers, D.G.Systems of Organization: Management of the Human Resources. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1976.
5.
Bowers, D.G., and Franklin, J.L.Survey-Guided Development: Data-Based on Organizational Change. La Jolla, Calif.: University Associates, 1976.
6.
Cullers, B.; Hughes, D.; and McCreal, T. "Administrative Behavior and Student Dissatisfaction: A Possible Relationship ." Peabody Journal of Education, January 1963 , pp. 155-163.
7.
Gibson, A.K. "The Achievement of Sixth Grade Students in a MidWestern City." Doctoral dissertation, The University of Michigan. Ann Arbor Mich.: University Microfilms, 1974, No. 74-15, 729.
8.
Haynes, P.D. "A Comparison of Perceived Organizational Characteristics between Selected Work Stoppage and Non-Work Stoppage School Districts in the State of Michigan . " Doctoral dissertation, Western Michigan University . Ann Arbor, Mich.: University Microfilms, 1972, No. 72-14, 182.
9.
Likert, R.Past and Future Perspectives on System 4. Ann Arbor, Mich. : Rensis Likert Associates, Inc., 1977.
10.
Likert, R., and Likert, J. G. NewWays of Managing Conflict. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1976.
11.
Miller, D. R. Unpublished data furnished Rensis Likert Associates from a 1970 study.
12.
Morall, H.H., "The Relationship Between Perceived Participation in School Management and Morale of Selected Black and Nonblack Teachers and Students in Volusia County, Florida Senior High Schools." Doctoral dissertation, University of Miami. Ann Arbor, Mich.: University Microfilms, 1974, No. 74-23, 405.
13.
Byrnes, J.L. "A Study of Certain Relationships Among Perceived Supervisory Style, Participativeness, and Teacher Job Satisfaction." Doctoral dissertation, Syracuse University. Ann Arbor, Mich.: University Microfilms, 1973, No. 73-7790.
14.
Carr, R.W. "A Study of the Job Satisfaction of High School Principals." Doctoral dissertation, The University of Michigan. Ann Arbor, Mich.: University Microfilms, 1971, No. 71-23, 719.
15.
Feitler, F., and Blumberg, A. "Changing the Organizational Character of a School." The Elementary School Journal, January 1971, pp 206-215.
16.
Ferris, A.E. "Organizational Relationships in Two Selected Secondary Schools: A Comparative Study." Doctoral dissertation, Columbia University . Ann Arbor, Mich.: University Microfilms, 1965, No. 65-8839.
17.
Key R.C. "A Study of Perceived Organizational Characteristics in Persistent Disagreement School Districts and Nonpersistent Disagreement Districts in the San Francisco Bay Area." Doctoral dissertation, University of Southern California. Ann Arbor, Mich.: University Microfilms, 1974, No. 74-21, 483.
18.
Ladouceur, J. "School Management Profile and Capacity for Change." Doctoral dissertation , University of Toronto, 1973.
19.
Lepkowski, Sr. M. L. "Cooperative Decision Making as Related to Supportive Relations and Communication in the Senior High School." Doctoral dissertation, University of Buffalo. Ann Arbor, Mich.: University Microfilms, 1970, No. 70-22, 106.
20.
Likert, R. "An Improvement Cycle for Human Resources Development." Training and Development Journal, 1978.
21.
Naumann-Etienne, M. "Bringing About Open Education: Strategies for Innovation and Implementation." Doctoral dissertation, The University of Michigan. Ann Arbor, Mich.: University Microfilms, 1975, No. 75-20, 417.
22.
Riedel, J.E. "A Comparison of Principal, Teacher and Student Perceptions of Selected Elementary School Principals' Effectiveness" Doctoral dissertation, University of Southern California. Ann Arbor, Mich. : University Microfilms, 1974, No. 74-21, 504.
23.
Smallridge R.J. "A Study of Relationships between the Perceived Management System of Elementary Schools and the Personal Needs Satisfaction of Teachers." Doctoral dissertation, George Peabody College for Teachers. Ann Arbor, Mich.: University Microfilms, 1972, No. 72-75, 404.
24.
Smith, M.C. "The Relationship between the Participative Management Style of Elementary School Principals as Perceived by Their Teachers and the Level of Teacher Morale." Doctoral dissertation, University of Southern California, 1975.
25.
Thompson, D.E. "Favorable Self-Perception, Perceived Supervisory Style, and Job Satisfaction ." Journal of Applied Psychology55 (1971): 349-352.
26.
Throop, R.K. "An Explanatory Survey of Teacher Job Satisfaction: A Path Analysis." Doctoral dissertation, Syracuse University. Ann Arbor, Mich.: University Microfilms, 1972, No. 72-6636.
27.
Wagstaff, L.H. "The Relationship between Administrative Systems and Interpersonal Needs of Teachers." Doctoral dissertation, University of Oklahoma. Ann Arbor, Mich.: University Microfilms, 1970, No. 70-2343.
