Learning by Discovery: Rationale and Mystique

Anderson, G.L. "Quantitative Thinking as Developed Under Connectionist and Field Theories of Learning." Learning Theory in School Situations. University of Minnesota Studies in Education. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. 1949. Pp. 40-73.

Ausubel, D.P. , "In Defense of Verbal Learning," Educational Theory , 11:15-25, 1961.

-----, "A Subsumption Theory of Meaningful Verbal Learning and Retention," Journal of General Psychology, in press.

-----, and Fitzgerald, D. , "Meaningful Learning and Retention: Intra-personal Cognitive Variables ," Review of Educational Research, 31, December 1961.

—————, Schiff, H.M. , and Goldman, M. , "Qualitative Characteristics in the Learning Process Associated with Anxiety," Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 48:537-547, 1953.

Brownell, W.A. , and Hendrickson, G. , "How Children Learn Information, Concepts and Generalizations." Learning and Instruction. Forty-Ninth Yearbook, National Society for Study of Education, Part I, 1950. Pp. 92-128.

Bruner, J.S. The Process of Education. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. 1960.

-----, "The Act of Discovery," Harvard Educational Review , 31:21-32, 1961. (a)

-----, "After Dewey What?" Saturday Review, pp. 58-59; 76-78; June 17, 1961. (b)

Craig, R.C. , "Directed versus Independent Discovery of Established Relations," Journal of Educational Psychology, 47:223-234, 1956.

Duncker, K. On Problem-Solving. Psychological Monographs, 58, No. 270, 1945.

Easley, J.A. , Jr. "Is the Teaching of Scientific Method a Significant Educational Objective?" Philosophy and Education. ( I. Scheffler , ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon. 1958.

—————, "The Physical Science Study Committee and Educational Theory," Harvard Educational Review, 29:4-11, 1959.

Guilford, J.P. , "Three Faces of Intellect," American Psychologist, 14:469-479, 1959.

Hendrix, Gertrude , "A New Clue to Transfer of Training," Elementary School Journal, 48:197-208, 1947.

-----, "Prerequisite to Meaning," Mathematics Teacher, 43:334-339, 1950.

-----, "Learning by Discovery," Mathematics Teacher, 54:290-299, 1961. Haselrud, G.M. , and Meyers, Shirley , "The Transfer Value of Given and Individually Derived Principles," Journal of Educational Psychology, 49:293-298, 1958.

Hohn, F.E. , "Teaching Creativity in Mathematics," Arithmetic Teacher , 8:102-106, 1961.

Inhelder, Bärbel , and Piaget J. The Growth of Logical Thinking from Childhood to Adolescence. New York: Basic Books. 1958.

Katona, G. Organizing and Memorizing. New York: Columbia University Press. 1940.

Kersh, B.Y. , "The Adequacy of 'Meaning' as an Explanation for the Superiority of Learning by Independent Discovery," Journal of Educational Psychology, 49:282-292, 1958.

Kittell, J.E. , "An Experimental Study of the Effect of External Direction During Learning on Transfer and Retention of Principles," Journal of Educational Psychology, 48:391-405, 1957.

Köhler, W. The Mentality of Apes. New York: Harcourt, Brace. 1925.

McConnell, T.R. "Discovery vs. Authoritative Identification in the Learning of Children ." University of Iowa Studies, Studies in Education, 9, No. 5. Iowa City : University of Iowa. 1934.

Mayer, M. The Schools. New York: Harper and Brothers. 1961.

Osgood, C.E. Method and Theory in Experimental Psychology. New York : Oxford University Press. 1953.

Piaget, Jean. The Psychology of Intelligence. New York: Harcourt, Brace. 1950.

-----, The Construction of Reality in the Child. New York: Basic Books. 1954.

Serra, Mary C. , "A Study of Fourth-Grade Children's Comprehension of Certain Verbal Abstractions," Journal of Experimental Education, 22:103-118, 1953.

Spiker, C.C. , and Terrell, G. , "Factors Associated with Transposition Behavior of Preschool Children ," Journal of Genetic Psychology, 86:143-58, 1955.

Stacey, C.L. "The Law of Effect in the Retained Situation with Meaningful Material ." Learning Theory in School Situations. University of Minnesota Studies in Education. Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press. 1949. Pp. 74-103.

Suchman, J. Richard. Training Children in Scientific Inquiry. Paper presented to the Society for Research in Child Development, March 1959. Urbana: College of Education, University of Illinois. 9 p. (mimeo.)

-----, "Inquiry Training in the Elementary School," Science Teacher, 27: 42-47, November 1960.

-----, " Inquiry Training: Building Skills for Autonomous Discovery." Urbana: College of Education, University of Illinois . June 1961. 35 p. (mimeo.)

Swenson, Esther J. "Organization and Generalization as Factors in Learning, Transfer, and Retroactive Inhibition." Learning Theory in School Situations . University of Minnesota Studies in Education. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press . 1949. Pp. 9-39.

Thiele, C.L. The Contribution of Generalization to the Learning of the Addition Facts. Contributions to Education, No. 763. New York: Bureau of Publications, Teachers College, Columbia University. 1938.

Weir, Morton W. , and Stevenson, Harold W. , "The Effect of Verbalization in Children's Learning as a Function of Chronological Age," Child Development , 30:143-149, 1959.

Wertheimer, M. Productive Thinking, enl. ed. New York: Harper and Brothers. 1959.