In this conceptual article, the researchers review the nature of stress as reported by principals and suggest a means for responding to that stress with efforts that have resulted in resilience for people in numerous occupations, with particular emphasis on physicians. This article presents an argument that internal coping methods such as mindfulness and self-care might be key to the development of resilience in principals in an era of high-stakes accountability and unparalleled expectations.
AllenT. D.EbyL. T.ConleyK. MWilliamsonR. L.ManciniV. S.MitchellM. E. (2015). What do we really know about the effects of mindfulness-based training in the workplace?Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 8, 652-661.
2.
BaerR. (2003). Mindfulness training as a clinical intervention: A conceptual and empirical review. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10, 125-143.
3.
BanfieldB. E. (2011). Environment: A perspective of the self-care deficit nursing theory. Nursing Science Quarterly, 24, 96-100. doi:10.1177/08943184111399457
4.
BardoelE. A.PettitT. M.De CieriH.McMillanL. (2014). Employee resilience: An emerging challenge for HRM. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 52, 279-297. doi:10.1111/1744-7941.12033
5.
BiggioG.CorteseC. G. (2013). Well-being in the workplace through interaction between individual and organizational context. International Journal of Qualitative Study of Health and Well-Being, 8, 1-13.
6.
BrendelW.BennettC. (2016). Learning to embody leadership through mindfulness and somatics practice. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 18, 409-425. doi:10.1177/152516646068
7.
BrooksR.GoldsteinS. (2004). The power of resilience: Achieving balance, confidence, and personal strength in your life. New York, NY: Contemporary Books.
8.
BrownK. W.RyanR. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 822-484. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.822
9.
BurkeM. G.DyeL.HugheyA. W. (2016). Teaching mindfulness for the self-care and well-being of student affairs professionals. College Student Affairs Journal, 34(3), 93-107.
10.
CatanoN.StrongeJ. H. (2006). What are principals expected to do? Congruence between principal evaluation and performance standards. NASSP Bulletin, 90, 221-237. doi:10.1177/10926365056292211
11.
ChaskalsonM. (2011). The mindful workplace: Developing resilient individuals and resonant organizations with MBSR. Oxford, England: Wiley.
12.
CombsJ. P.EdmonsonS. L.JacksonS. H. (2009). Burnout among elementary school principals. AASA Journal of Scholarship and Practice, 5(4), 10-15.
13.
DaneE. (2011). Paying attention to mindfulness and its effects on task performance in the workplace. Journal of Management, 37, 997-1018.
14.
DaneE.BrummelB. J. (2014). Examining workplace mindfulness and its relations to job performance and turnover intention. Human Relations, 67, 105-128.
15.
DienerE.RyanK. (2009). Subjective well-being: A general overview. South African Journal of Psychology, 39, 391-406. doi:10.1177/008124630903900402
16.
DiPaolaM.Tschannen-MoranM. (2003). The principalship at a crossroads: A study of the conditions and concerns of principals. NASSP Bulletin, 87(634), 43-65. doi:10.1177/019263650308763404
17.
DrewB. L.MotterT.RossR.GoliatL. M.SharpneckP. A.GovoniA. L.. . . RababahJ. (2016). Care for the caregiver: Evaluation of mind-body self-care for accelerated nursing students. Holistic Nursing Practice, 30, 148-154. doi:10.1097/HNP.0000000000000140
18.
DyrbyeL. N.ShanafeltT. D. (2011). Physician burnout: A potential threat to successful health care reform. Journal of the American Medical Association, 305, 2009-2010.
19.
EpsteinR. M.KrasnerM. S. (2013). Physician resilience: What it means, why it matters, and how to promote it. Academic Medicine, 88, 301-303. doi:10.1097/ACM.0b013e31828cff0
20.
FinkD.BraymanC. (2006). School leadership succession and the challenges of change. Educational Administration Quarterly, 42, 62-89. doi:10.1177/0031316
21.
FlookL.GoldbergS. B.PingerL.BonusK.DavidsonR. J. (2013). Mindfulness for teachers: A pilot study to assess effects on stress, burnout, and teaching efficacy. Mind, Brain, and Education, 7, 182-195.
22.
FriedmanI. C. (2002). Burnout in school principals: Role related antecedents. Social Psychology of Education, 5, 229-251.
23.
GableM. (2014, October). The doctor is not well. Mindful Magazine, 53-57.
24.
GazelleG.LiebschutzJ. M.RiessH. (2014). Physician burnout: Coaching a way out. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 30, 508-513. doi.10. 1007/s116606-014-3144-y
25.
GellesD. (2015). Mindful work: How meditation is changing business from the inside out. New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin.
26.
Goldman-SchuylerK.SkjeiS.SanzgiriJ. (2017). “Moments of waking up”: A doorway to mindfulness and presence. Journal of Management Inquiry, 26, 86-100. doi:10.1177/1056492616665171
27.
GolemanD. (2000). Working with emotional intelligence. New York, NY: Bantam Books.
28.
GolemanD. (2006). Social intelligence: The revolutionary new science of human relationships. New York, NY: Bantam Books.
29.
GoodD. J.LyddyC. J.GlombT. M.BonoJ. E.BrownK. W.DuffyM. K.. . . LazarS. W. (2016). Contemplating mindfulness at work: An integrative review. Journal of Management, 42, 114-142. doi.10.1177/0149206315617003
30.
GoodmanM. J.SchorlingJ. B. (2012). A mindfulness course decreases burnout and improves well-being among healthcare providers. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 49, 119-128.
31.
GrahamL. (2013). Bouncing back: Rewiring your brain for maximum resilience and well-being. Novato, CA: New World Library.
32.
GreesonJ. M. (2009) Mindfulness research update: 2008. Complementary Health Practice review, 14(1), 10-18. doi:10.1177/153210108329862
33.
HylandP. K.LeeR. A.MillsM. J. (2015). Mindfulness at work: A new approach to improving individual and organizational performance. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 8, 576-602. doi:10.1027/iop.2015.41
34.
Kabat-ZinnJ. (2009). Full catastrophe living: Using the wisdom of your body and mind to face stress, pain, and illness (15th Anniversary ed.). New York, NY: Bantam Books.
35.
KingD. D.NewmanA.LuthansF. (2016). Not if, but when we need resilience in the workplace. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 37, 782-786. doi:10.1002/job.2063
36.
KlockoB. A.WellsC. M. (2015). Workload pressures of principals: A focus on renewal, support and mindfulness. NASSP Bulletin, 99, 332-355. doi:10.1177/0192636515619727
37.
KrasnerM. S.EpsteinR. M.BeckmanH.SuchmanA. L.ChapmanC. J.MooneyC. J.QuillT. E. (2009). Association of an educational program in mindful communication with burnout, empathy, and attitudes among primary care physicians. Journal of the American Medical Association, 302, 1284-1293.
38.
LambertV. A.LambertC. E.YamaseH. (2003). Psychological hardiness, workplace stress and related stress reduction strategies. Nursing & Health Sciences, 5, 181-184.
39.
LedesmaJ. (2014, July-September). Conceptual frameworks and research models on resilience in leadership. Sage Open, 4, 1-8. doi.10.1177/2158244014545464
40.
LivingstonS. (2015, June8). Employees work harder to cut stress. Business Insurance, 49(12), 24-28.
41.
MaslachC.LeiterM. P. (1997). The truth about burnout. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
42.
McGarrigleT.WalshC. A. (2011). Mindfulness, self-care, and wellness in social work: Effects of contemplative training. Journal of Religion & Spirituality in Social Work: Social Thought, 30, 212-233. doi:10. 1080/15426432.2011.587384
43.
MurphyL. R.SauterS. L. (2003). The USA perspective: Current issues and trends in the management of work stress. Australian Psychologist, 38, 637-641.
44.
OwingsW. A.KaplanL. S.ChappellS. (2011). Troops to teachers as school administrators: A national study of principal quality. NASSP Bulletin, 95, 212-236. doi:10.1177/019263651
45.
ParkerP. D.MartinA. J. (2009) Coping and buoyancy in the workplace: Understanding their effects on teachers’ work-related well-being and engagement. Teaching and Teacher Education, 25(1), 68-75. doi: 10.1016/j.tate.2008.06.009
46.
PattersonJ. L.KelleherP. (2005). Resilient school leaders: Strategies for turning adversity into achievement. Alexandria, VA: ASCD.
47.
PattersonJ. L.PattersonJ. H. (2001, February). Resilience in the face of imposed changes. Principal Leadership, 1(6), 50-55.
48.
PentareddyS.SuganthiL. (2015). Building affective commitment through job characteristics, leadership and empowerment. Journal of Management & Organizations, 21, 307-320. doi:10. 1017/jmo.2014.93
49.
PounderD. G.MerrillR. J. (2001). Jov desirability of the high school principalship; A job choice theory prespective. Educational Administration Quarterly, 32, 27-57. doi:10:1177/00131610371003
50.
RichardsonK. M.RothsteinH. R. (2008). Effects of occupational stress management intervention programs: A meta-analysis. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 13(1), 69-93.
51.
RocheM.HaarJ. M.LuthansF. (2014). The role of mindfulness and psychological capital on the well-being of leaders. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 19, 476-489.
52.
RosenzweigS.KeibelD. K.GreesonJ. M.BrainardG. C.HojatM. (2009). Mindfulness-based stress reduction lowers psychological stress in medical students. Teaching Learning in Medicine: An International Journal, 15(2), 88-92.
53.
RyffC. D.KeyesC. L. M. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 719-727.
54.
SansburyB. S.GravesK.ScottW. (2015). Managing traumatic stress responses among clinicians: Individual and organizational tools for self-care. Trauma, 17(2), 114-122. doi:10.1177/146048614551978
55.
SchoenL.FusarelliL. D. (2008). Innovation, NCLB, and the fear factor: The challenge of leading 21st century schools in an era of accountability. Educational Policy, 22, 181-203. doi:10.1177/0895904807311291
56.
ShanafeltT. D.SloanJ. A.HabermanT. M. (2003). The well-being of physicians. American Journal of Medicine, 1146, 513-519.
57.
ShapiroS. L.BrownK. W.BigelG. M. (2007). Teaching self-care to caregivers: Effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction on the mental health of therapists in training. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 1, 105-115. doi.10.1037/1931-3918.1.2.105
58.
ShoninE.Van GordonW.DunnT. J.SinghN. N.GriffithsM. D. (2014). Meditation awareness training (MAT) for work-related wellbeing and job performance: A randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Mental Health Addiction, 12, 806-823. doi:10.1007/s11469-014-9513-2
59.
SmalleyS.WinstonD. (2010). Fully present: The science, art, and practice of mindfulness. Philadelphia, PA: Da Capo.
60.
SorensonR. D. (2007). Stress management in education: Warning signs and coping mechanisms. Management in Education, 21(3), 10-13. doi:10.1177/089202607077985
61.
SpickardA.Jr.GabbeS. G.ChristensenJ. F. (2002). Mid-Career burnout in generalist and specialist physicians. Journal of the American Medical Association, 288, 1447-450.
62.
SpillaneJ. P.KenneyA. W. (2012). School administration in a changing education sector: The US experience. Journal of Educational Administration, 50, 541-561. doi:10.1108/0957823121129817
63.
SpillaneJ. P.LeeL. (2014). Novice school principals’ sense of ultimate responsibility: Problems of practice in transitioning to the principal’s office. Educational Administration Quarterly, 50, 431-465. doi:10. 1177/003161X13505290
64.
SytsmaS. (2009). The educational leader’s alchemy: Creating the gold within. Management in Education, 23, 78-84. doi:10.1177/0892020609104816
65.
van DierendonckD.HaynesC.BorrillC.StrideC. (2004). Leadership behavior and subordinate well-being. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 9, 165-175. doi.10.1037/1076-8998.9.2.165
66.
WellsC. M. (2013a, Fall). Educational leaders describe a job too big for one: Stress reduction in the midst of leading. AASA Journal of Scholarship & Practice, 10(2), 32-45.
67.
WellsC. M. (2013b). Mindfulness in academia: Considerations for administrative preparation. Education Leadership Review, 14(3), 1-12.
68.
WellsC. M. (2013c). Principals responding to constant pressure: Finding a source of stress management. NASSP Bulletin, 97, 335-349. doi:10.1177/0192636513504453
69.
WellsC. M. (2015). Conceptualizing mindful leadership: How the practice of mindfulness informs the practice of leading. Educational Leadership Review Doctoral Research, 2(1), 1-23.
70.
WellsC. M. (2016). Mindfulness: How school leaders can reduce stress and thrive on the job. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
71.
WellsC. M.KlockoB. A. (2015). Can teacher leadership reduce principal stress?Journal of School Leadership, 25, 313-344.
72.
WellsC. M.MaxfieldC. R.KlockoB. A. (2011). Complexities inherent in the workload of principals: Implications for teacher leadership. In AlfordB. (Ed.), Blazing new trails: Preparing leaders to improve access and equity in today’s school (pp. 29-46). Lancaster, PA: ProActive.
73.
WestD. L.PeckC. M.ReitzugU. C.CraneE. A. (2014). Accountability, autonomy, and stress: Principal responses to superintendent in a large US urban school district. School Leadership & Management, 34, 372-391. doi:10.1080/136324.20140928683
74.
WinterP. A.MorgenthalJ. R. (2002). Principal recruitment in a reform environment: Effects of school achievement and school level on applicant attraction to the job. Educational Administration Quarterly, 38, 319-340. doi:10.1177/0013161X02383002
75.
WiseE. H.HershM. A.GibsonC. M. (2012). Ethics, self-care and well-being for psychologists: Reenvisioning the stress-distress continuum. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 43, 487-494. doi:10.1037/a0029446
76.
YoussefC. M.LuthansF. (2007). Positive organizational behavior in the workplace. Journal of Management, 33, 744-800. doi:10.1177/0149206307305562
77.
ZessinU.DickhäuserO.GarbadeS. (2015). The relationship between self-compassion and well-being: A meta-analysis. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 7, 340-364. doi.10.1111/aphw.12051
78.
ZolliA.HealyA. M. (2013). Resilience: Why things bounce back. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.