Examination of the Mechanisms of Action of Diverse Cytoprotectants in Renal Cell Death

Abstract

Glycine, strychnine, muscimol, allopregnanolone, and pregnenolone sulfate act in the late phase of renal cell injury, block Cl⁻ influx and cell lysis induced by the mitochondrial inhibitor antimycin A, and promote the recovery of respiration and ion transport following hypoxia/reoxygenation. However, the mechanism of action of these compounds has not been completely elucidated. Recently, we have shown that calpains are critical mediators of renal cell death produced by diverse toxicants and that antimycin A exposure results in calpain translocation from the cytosol to the membrane fraction that is temporally associated with Cl⁻ influx and precedes cell death/lysis. The current study examined the effects of a group of diverse cytoprotectants on calpain activity and determined if calpain inhibition plays a role in the cytoprotection produced by these compounds. The cytoprotection produced by glycine, strychnine, muscimol, allopregnanolone, and pregnenolone sulfate in rabbit renal proximal tubules exposed to antimycin A was associated with the inhibition of antimycin A-induced calpain translocation. None of the cytoprotectants had a direct effect on calpain activity. All of the cytoprotectants decreased calcium-ionophore-induced cell death. Glycine, strychnine, and muscimol also blocked antimycin A mediated extracellular Ca²⁺ influx. These data suggest that the cytoprotective mechanism of action of glycine, strychnine, and muscimol involves the inhibition of antimycin A mediated extracellular Ca²⁺ influx as well as calpain translocation and associated Cl⁻ influx. In contrast, the mechanism of action of the neurosteroids results only from the blockade of calpain translocation and associated Cl⁻ influx.

Keywords

Calpains calcium glycine neurosteroids renal proximal tubules mitochondrial dysfunction necrosis

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