Extended Abstracts

Acharya, S. , Wilson T. , Gradia S. , Kane M. , Guerrette S. , Marsischky G. , Kolodner R. , and Fishel R. (1996). hMSH2 forms specific mispair-binding protein complexes with hMSH3 and hMSH6. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93: 13629-13634.

Aebi S. , Kurdi-Haidar B. , Gordon R. , Cenni B. , Zheng H. , Fink D. , Christen RD , Boland CR , Koi M. , Fishel R. , and Howell SB (1996). Loss of DNA mismatch repair in acquired resistance to cisplatin. Cancer Res. 56: 3087-3090.

Alani E. , Chi NW , and Kolodner R. (1995). The Saccharomyces cerevisiae MSH2 protein specifically binds to duplex oligonucleotides containing mismatched DNA base pairs and insertions. Genes Dev. 9: 234-247.

Bronner CE , Baker SM , Morrison PT , et al (1994). Mutation in the DNA mismatch repair gene homologue hMLH1 is associated with hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer. Nature 368: 258-261.

Burns N. , Grimwade B. , Ross-Macdonald PB , Choi E. , Finberg K. , Roeder GS , and Snyder MS (1994). Large-scale analysis of gene expression, protein localization and gene disruption in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genes Dev. 8: 1087-1105.

Cranston A. , Bocker T. , Reitmair A. , Palazzo J. , Wilson T. , Mak T. , and Fishel R. (1997). Female lethality and synergistic proportion of tumorigenesis in male mice nullizygous for both Msh2 and p53. Nat. Genet. (in press).

Dietmaier W. , Wallinger S. , Bocker T. , Fishel R. , and Ruschoff J. (1997). Diagnostic microsatellite instability: Definition and correlation with mismatch repair expression (submitted) .

Fishel R. , Ewel A. , Lee S. , Lescoe MK , and Griffith J. (1994). Binding of mismatched microsatellite DNA sequences by the human MSH2 protein. Science 266: 1403-1405.

Fishel R. , Ewel A. and Lescoe MK (1994). Purified human MSH2 protein binds to DNA containing mismatched nucleotides. Cancer Res. 54: 5539-5542.

Fishel R. and Kolodner RD (1995). Identification of mismatch repair genes and their role in the development of cancer. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev . 5: 382-395.

Fishel R. , Lescoe MK , Rao MRS , Copland N. , Jenkins N. , Garber J. , Kane M. , and Kolodner R. (1993). The human mutator gene homolog MSH2 and its association with hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer. Cell 75: 1027-1038.

Fisher JC (1958). Multiple mutation theory of carcinogenesis. Nature 181: 651-652.

Friedberg EC , Walker GC , and Siede W. (1995). DNA Repair and Mutagenesis . American Society for Microbiology , Washington, DC.

Fujii H. and Shimada T. (1989). Isolation and characterization of cDNA clones derived from the divergently transcribed gene in the region upstream from the human dihydrofolate reductase gene. J. Biol. Chem. 264: 10057-10064.

Habraken Y. , Sung P. , Prakash L. , and Prakash S. (1996). Binding of insertion/deletion DNA mismatches by the heterodimer of yeast mismatch repair proteins MSH2 and MSH3 Curr. Biol. 6: 1186-1187.

Hollingsworth NM , Ponte L. , and Halsey C. (1995). MSH5, a novel MutS homolog, facilitates meiotic reciprocal recombination between homologs in Saccharomyces cerevisiae but not mismatch repair. Genes Dev. 9: 1728-1739.

Iaccarino I. , Palombo F. , Drummond J. , Totty NF , Hsuan JJ , Modrich P. , and Jiricny J. (1996). Msh6, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae protein that binds to mismatches as a heterodimer with MSH2. Curr. Biol. 6: 484-486.

Karran P. and Marinus MG (1982). Mismatch correction of 06-methylguanine residues in E. coli DNA. Nature 296: 868-869.

Lahue RS , Au KG , and Modrich P. (1989). DNA mismatch correction in a defined system. Science 245: 160-164.

Leach FS , Nicolaides NC , Papadopoulos N. , et al (1993). Mutations of a mutS homolog in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. Cell 75: 1215-1225.

Loeb LA (1991). Mutator phenotype may be required for multistage carcinogenesis. Cancer Res. 51: 3075-3079.

Marsischky GT , Filosi N. , Kane MF , and Kolodner R. (1996). Redundancy of Saccharomyces cerevisiae MSH3 and MSH6 in MSH2-dependent mismatch repair. Genes Dev. 10: 407-420.

Mello JA , Acharya S. , Fishel R. , and Essigman JM (1996). The mismatch repair protein hMSH2 binds selectively to DNA adducts of the anticancer drug cisplatin. Chem. Biol . 3: 579-589.

Mellon I. and Champe GN (1995). Products of DNA mismatch repair genes mutS and mutL are required for transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair of the lactose operon in Escherichia coli. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93: 1292-1297.

Meyers M. , Acharya S. , Odegaard EJ , Wilson T. , Lewis JE , Davis TW , Wilson-Van Patten C. , Fishel R. , and Boothman DA (1997). Cell cycle regulation of the DNA mismatch repair genes hMSH2, hMLH1, and hPMS2. Cancer Res. 57: 206-208.

Modrich P. (1991). Mechanisms and biological effects of mismatch repair. Annu. Rev. Genet. 25: 229-253.

New L. , Liu K. , and Crouse GF (1993). The yeast gene MSH3 defines a new class of eukaryotic MutS homologues. Mol. Gen. Genet. 239: 97-108.

Nicolaides NC , Papadopoulos N. , Liu B. , et al (1994). Mutations of two PMS homologues in hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer . Nature 371: 75-80.

Palombo F. , Gallinari P. , Iaccarino I. , Lettieri T. , Hughes M. , D'Arrigo A. , Truong O. , Hsuan JJ , and Jiricny J. (1995). GTBP, a 160ikilodalton protein essential for mismatch binding activity in human cells. Science 268: 1912-1914.

Papadopoulos N. , Nicolaides NC , Wei Y-F. , et al (1994). Mutation of a mutL homolog in hereditary colon cancer. Science 263: 1625-1629.

Prolla TA , Christie D-M. , and Liskay RM (1994). A requirement in yeast DNA mismatch repair for MLHI and PMS1, two homologs of the bacterial mutL gene. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14: 407-415.

Rasio D. , Murakumo Y. , Robbins D. , Roth T. , Silver A. , Negrini M. , Schmidt C. , Burzak JD , Fishel R. , and Croce C. (1997). Characterization of the human homologue of Rad54: A gene located on chromosome 1p32 at a region of high LOH in breast tumors . Cancer Res. 57: 2378-2383.

Rayssiguier C. , Thaler DS , and Radman M. (1989). The barrier to recombination between Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium is disrupted in mismatch-repair mutants. Nature 342: 396-401.

Reenan RAG and Kolodner RD (1992). Isolation and characterization of two Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes encoding homologs of the bacterial HexA and MutS mismatch repair proteins. Genetics 132: 963-973.

Reenan RAG and Kolodner RD (1992). Characterization of insertion mutations in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae MSH1 and MSH2 genes: Evidence for separate mitochondrial and nuclear functions. Genetics 132: 975-985.

Reitmair AH , et al (1996). Spontaneous intestinal carcinomas and skin neoplasms in Msh2-deficient mice. Cancer Res. 56: 3842-3849.

Reitmair A. , Schmits R. , Ewel A. , Bapat B. , Ganesh A. , Waterhouse P. , Mittrucker H-W. , Wakeham A. , Peacock J. , Benchimol S. , Liu B. , Thomason A. , Mitri A. , Redston M. , Gallinger S. , Bristol R. , Hills R. , Meuth M. , Ballhausen W. , Fishel R. , and Mak T. (1995). MSH2-deficient mice are viable and susceptible to lymphoid tumor. Nat. Genet. 11: 64-70.

Ross-Macdonald P. and Roeder GS (1994). Mutation of a meiosis-specific MutS homolog decreases crossing over but not mismatch correction . Cell 79: 1069-1080.

Schmutte C. , Baffa R. , Veronese LM , Murakumo Y. , and Fishel R. (1997). Human thymine-DNA glycosylase maps at chromosome 12q24: A region of high LOH in gastric cancer. Cancer Res. 57: 3010-3015.

Siegel EC and Bryson V. (1967). Mutator gene of Escherichia coli B. J. Bacteriol. 94: 38-47.

Su S-S. and Modrich P. (1986). Escherichia coli mutS-encoded protein binds to mismatched DNA base pairs. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83: 5057-5061.

Wilson TM , Ewel A. , Duguid JR , Eble JN , Lescoe MK , Fishel R. , and Kelley MR (1995). Differential expression of the human MSH2 repair enzyme in small and large intestine. Cancer Res. 55: 5146-5150.

Cleaver JE and Kraemer KH (1989). Xeroderma pigmentosum. In: The Metabolic Basis of Inherited Disease, Vol. 2, CR Scriver , AL Beaudet , WS Sly , and E Valle (eds). McGraw-Hill, New York , pp. 2949-2971.

Reardon JT , Thompson LH , and Sancar A. (1997). Rodent UV-sensitive mutant cell lines in complementation groups 6-10 have normal general excision repair activity. Nucleic Acids Res. 25: 1015-1021.

Sancar A. (1996). DNA excision repair. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 65: 43-81.

Wood RD (1996). DNA repair in eukaryotes. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 65: 135-167.

Gottesman MM and Pastan I. (1993). Biochemistry of multidrug resistance mediated by the multidrug transporter. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 62: 385-427.

Minn AJ , Boise LH , and Thompson CB (1996). Expression of Bel-xL and loss of p53 can cooperate to overcome a cell cycle checkpoint induced by mitotic spindle damage. Genes Dev. 10: 2621-2631.

Minn AJ , Rudin CM , Boise LH , and Thompson CB (1995). Expression of Bcl-xL can confer a multidrug resistance phenotype. Blood 86: 1903-1910.

Rudin CM and Thompson CB (1997). Apoptosis and cancer. In: Metabolic and Molecular Basis of Inherited Diseases, 7th ed., CR Scriver et al (eds). McGraw Hill, New York.

Nicholson DW et al (1995). Identification and inhibition of the ICE/ CED-3 protease necessary for mammalian apoptosis . Nature 376: 37-43.

Nicholson DW and Thornberry NA (1997). Caspases: Killer proteases . Trends Biochem. Sci. 22: 299-306.

Rotonda J. et al (1996). The three dimensional structure of apopain/ CPP32, a key mediator of apoptosis. Nat. Struct. Biol. 3: 619-625.

Thornberry NA et al (1992). A novel heterodimeric cysteine protease is required for interleukin-1β processing in monocytes . Nature 356: 768-774.

Thornberry NA et al (1997). Specificities of the caspases and granzyme B: A combinatorial approach. Functional relationships defined for proteases involved in apoptosis. J. Biol. Chem . 272: 17907-17911.

Evan GI , Wyllie AH , Gilbert CS , Littlewood TD , Land H. , Brooks M. , Waters C. , Penn LZ , and Hancock DC (1992). Induction of apoptosis in fibroblasts by c-myc protein. Cell 69: 119-128.

Fearnhead HO , McCurrach ME , O'Neill J. , Zhang K. , Lowe SW , and Lazebnik YA (1997). Oncogene-induced apoptosis in extracts from drug-resistant cells. Genes Dev. (in press).

Lowe SW (1995). Cancer Therapy and p53. Curr. Opin. Oncol. 7: 547-553.

Lowe SW , Bodis S. , McClatchey A. , Remington L. , Ruley HE , Fisher D. , Housman DE , and Jacks T. (1994). p53 status and the efficacy of cancer therapy in vivo. Science 266: 807-810.

Lowe SW , Jacks T. , Housman DE , and Ruley HE (1994). Abrogation of oncogene-associated apoptosis allows transformation of p53-deficient cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91: 2026-2030.

Lowe SW and Ruley HE (1993). Stabilization of the p53 tumor suppressor is induced by adenovirus E1A and accompanies apoptosis. Genes Dev. 7: 535-545.

Lowe SW , Ruley HE , Jacks T. , and Housman DE (1993). p53-dependent apoptosis modulates the cytotoxicity of anticancer agents. Cell 74: 954-967.

Lowe SW , Schmitt EM , Smith SW , Osborne BA , and Jacks T. (1993). p53 is required for radiation-induced apoptosis in mouse thymocytes. Nature 362: 847-849.

Serrano M. , Lin AW , McCurrach ME , Beach D. , and Lowe SW (1997). Oncogenic ras provokes premature cell senescence associated with accumulation of p53 and p16INK4a. Cell 88: 593-602.

Symonds H. , Krall L. , Remington L. , Saenzrobles M. , Lowe S. , Jacks T. , and Vandyke T. (1994). p53-dependent apoptosis suppresses tumor growth and progression in vivo. Cell 78: 703-711.

Borts RH , Lichten M. , and Haber JE (1986). Analysis of meiotic-defective mutations in yeast by physical monitoring of recombination in S. cerevisiae. Genetics 113: 551-567.

Bryan TM , Anglezon A. , Gupta J. , Bacchetti S. , and Reddel RR (1995). Telomere elongation in immortal human cells without detectable telomerase activity. EMBO J. 14: 4240-4248.

Cavanee WK , Dryja TP , Philips RA , Benedict WF , Godbout R. , Gallie BL , Morphree AL , Strong LC , and White RL (1983). Expression of recessive alleles by chromosomal mechanisms in retinoblastoma. Nature 305: 779-784.

Fearon ER , and Vogelstein B. (1990). A genetic model for colorectal tumorigenesis. Cell 61: 759-767.

Foulds L. (1959). Neoplastic Development. Academic Press, New York.

Game JC , Zamb TJ , Braun RJ , Resnick M. , and Roth RM (1980). The role of the radiation (rad) genes in meiotic recombination in yeast. Genetics 94: 51-68.

Ionov Y. , Peinado MA , Malkhosyan S. , Shihata D. , and Perucho M. (1993). Ubiquitous somatic mutations in simple repeated sequences reveal a new mechanism for colonic carcinogenesis. Nature 363(6429): 558-561.

Jonczyk P. , White A. , Lum K. , Barrett JC , and Tisty TD (1992). Amplification potential in preneoplastic and neoplastic Syrian hamster embryo fibroblasts transformed by various carcinogens. Cancer Res. 53: 3098-3102.

Kleckner N. (1996). Meiosis: How could it work ? PNAS USA 93(16): 8167-8174.

Loeb LA (1991). Mutator phenotype may be required for multistage carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 51(12): 3075-3079.

McEachern MI and Blackburn EH (1996). Cap-prevented recombination between terminal telomeric repeat arrays (telomere CPR) maintains telomeres in Kluyveromyces lactis lacking telomerase. Genes Dev. 10(14): 1822-1834.

Murnane JP , Sabatier L. , Marder BA , and Morgan WF (1994). Telomere dynamics in an immortal human cell line . EMBO J. 13: 4953-4962.

Nowell PC (1976). The clonal evolution of tumor cell populations . Science 194(4260): 23-28.

Nowell PC (1986). Mechanisms of tumor progression. Cancer Res 46(5): 2203-2207.

Park MS (1995). Expression of human Rad52 confers resistance to ionizing radiation in mammalian cells. J Biol. Chem. 270(26): 15467-15470.

Schaefer DI , Livanos EM , White AE , and Tisty TD (1993). Multiple mechanisms of N-(phosphonoacetyl)-L-aspartate drug resistance in SV40-infected precrisis human fibroblasts. Cancer Res. 53: 4946-4951.

Szostak JW , Orr-Weaver TL , Rothstein RJ , and Stahl FH (1983). The double strand break repair model for recombination . Cell 33: 25-35.

Tisty TD (1990). Normal diploid human and rodent cells lack a detectable frequency of gene amplification. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87: 3132-3137.

Tisty TD , Jonczyk P. , White A. , Sage M. , Hall I. , Schaefer D. , Briot A. , Livanos E. , Roelofs H. , Poulose B. , and Sanchez J. (1993). Loss of chromosomal integrity in neoplasia. Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. V L VIII: 645-654.

West SC (1992). Enzymes and molecular mechanisms of genetic recombination . Annu. Rev. Biochem. 61: 603-640.

Wright JA , Smith HS , Watt FM , Hancock MC , Hudson DL , and Stark GR (1990). DNA amplification is rare in normal human cells . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87: 1791-1795.

Zakian VA (1995). Telomeres: Beginning to understand the end. Science 270(5242): 1601-1607.

Zakian VA , Runge K. , and Wang SS (1990). How does the end begin? Formation and maintenance of telomeres in ciliates and yeast. Trends Genet. 6(1): 12-16.

Ambs S. , Hussain SP , and Harris CC (1997). Interactive effects of nitric oxide and the p53 tumor suppressor gene in carcinogenesis and tumor progression. FASEB J. 11: 443-448.

Forrester K. , Ambs, S. , Lupold SE , Kapust RB , Spillare EA , Weinberg WC , Felley-Bosco E. , Wang XW , Geller DA , Billiar TR , and Harris CC (1996). Nitric oxide-induced p53 accumulation and regulation of nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) expression by wild-type p53. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93: 2442-2447.

Gal A. , and Wogan GN (1996). Mutagenesis associated with nitric oxide production in transgenic SJL mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93: 15102-15107.

Greenblatt MS , Bennett WP , Hollstein M. , and Harris CC (1994). Mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene: Clues to cancer etiology and molecular pathogenesis . Cancer Res. 54: 4855-4878.

Jenkins DC , Charles IG , Thomsen LL , Moss DW , Holmes LS , Baylis SA , Rhodes P. , Westmore K. , Emson PC , and Moncada S. (1995). Roles of nitric oxide in tumor growth. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92: 4392-4396.

Maeda H. , Noguchi Y. , Sato K. , and Akaike T. (1994). Enhanced vascular permeability in solid tumor is mediated by nitric oxide and inhibited by both new nitric oxide scavenger and nitric oxide synthase inhibitor. Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 85: 331-334.

Nguyen T. , Brunson D. , Crespi CL , Penman BW , Wishnok JS , and Tannenbaum SR (1992). DNA damage and mutation in human cells exposed to nitric oxide in vitro. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 3030-3034.

Takahashi Y. , Kitadai Y. , Bucana CD , Cleary KR , and Ellis LM (1995). Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptor, KDR, correlates with vascularity, metastasis, and proliferation in human colon cancer. Cancer Res. 55: 3964-3968.

Wink DA , Kasprzak KS , Maragos CM , Elespuru RK , Misra M. , Dunams TM , Cebula TA , Koch WH , Andrews AW , Allen JS , and Keefer LK (1991). DNA deaminating ability and genotoxicity of nitric oxide and its progenitors. Science 254: 1001-1003.

Evan G. , Wyllie A. , Gilbert C. , Littlewood T. , Land H. , Brooks M. , Waters C. , Penn L. , and Hancock D. (1992). Induction of apoptosis in fibroblasts by c-myc protein. Cell 69: 119-128.

Hockenberry D. , Nunez G. , Milliman C. , Schreiber R. , and Korsmeyer S. (1990). Bcl-2 is an inner mitochondrial membrane protein that blocks programmed cell death. Nature 348: 334-336.

Hockenberry D. , Oltvai Z. , Yin X.-M. , Milliman C. , and Korsmeyer S. (1993). Bcl-2 functions in an antioxidant pathway to prevent apoptosis. Cell 75: 241-251.

McDonnell T. , Dean N. , Platt F. , Nunes G. , Jaeger U. , McKearn J. , and Korsmeyer S. (1989). Bcl-2 immunoglobulin transgenic mice demonstrate extended B-cell survival and follicular lymphoproliferation . Cell 57: 79-88.

Reed J. , Haldar S. , Croce C. , and Cuddy M. (1990). Complementation by Bcl-2 and c-Ha-ras oncogenes in malignant transformation of rat embryo fibroblasts. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10: 4370-4374.

Tsujimoto Y. and Croce C. (1986). Analysis of the structure, transcripts, and protein products of bcl-2, the gene involved in follicular lymphoma. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83: 5214-5218.

Vaux D. , Cory S. , and Adams J. (1988). Bcl-2 gene promotes haemopoetic cell survival and cooperates with c-myc to immortalize pre-B cells. Nature 335: 440-442.

Denning MF , Dlugosz AA , Howett MK , and Yuspa SH (1993). Expression of an oncogenic rasHa gene in murine keratinocytes incudes tyrosine phosphorylation and reduced activity of protein kinase C δ. J. Biol. Chem. 268: 26079-26081.

Dlugosz AA , Cheng C. , Williams EK , Dharia AG , Denning MF , and Yuspa SH (1994). Alterations in murine keratinocyte differentiation induced by activated rasHa genes are mediated by protein kinase C-α. Cancer Res. 54: 6413-6420.

Dlugosz AA , Mischak H. , Mushinski JF , and Yuspa SH (1992). Transcripts encoding protein kinase C alpha, delta, epsilon, zeta, and eta are expressed in basal and differentiating mouse keratinocytes in vitro and exhibit quantitative changes in neoplastic cells. Mol. Carcinog. 5: 286-292.

Dlugosz AA and Yuspa SH (1993). Coordinate changes in gene expression which mark the spinous to granular cell transition in epidermis are regulated by protein kinase C. J. Cell Biol. 120: 217-225.

Dlugosz AA and Yuspa SH (1994). Protein kinase C regulates keratinocyte transglutaminase (TGk) gene expression in cultured primary mouse epidermal keratinocytes induced to terminally differentiate by calcium. J. Invest. Dermatol . 102: 409-414.

Yuspa SH (1994). The pathogenesis of squamous cell cancer: Lessions learned from studies of skin carcinogenesis-Thirty-third G.H. A. Clowes Memorial Award Lecture. Cancer Res. 54: 1178-1189.

Agerwal ML , Agerwal A. , Taylor WR , and Stark GR (1995). P53 controls both the G2/M and the G1 cell cycle checkpoints and mediates reversible growth arrest in human fibroblasts. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92: 8493-8497.

Fornace AJ Jr , Nebert DW , Hollander MC , Luethy JD , Papthanasiou M. , Fargnoli J. , and Holbrook NJ (1989). Mammalian genes coordinately regulated by growth arrest signals and DNA-damaging agents. Mol. Cell Biol. 9: 4196-4203.

Baxevanis AD and Landsman D. (1995). The HMG-1 box protein family: Classification and functional relationships. Nucleic Acids Res. 23: 1603-1613.

Chen X. , Ko L. , Jayaraman L. , and Prives C. (1996). p53 levels, functional domains and DNA damage determine the extent of the apoptotic response of tumor cells. Genes Dev. 10: 2438-2451.

Jayaraman L. , Murthy, KGK , Curran T. , Xanthoudakis S. , and Prives C. (1997). Identification of redox/repair protein Ref-1 as an activator of p53. Genes Dev. 11: 570.

Ko L. and Prives C. (1996) p53: Puzzle and paradigm. Genes Dev. 10: 1054-1072.

Xanthoudakis S. , Miao GG , and Curran T. (1994). The redox and DNA-repair activities of Ref-1 are encoded by non-over-lapping domains. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91: 23-27.

DuBois RN , Giardiello FM , and Smalley WE (1996). Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, eicosanoids and colorectal cancer prevention . Gastroenterol. Clin. North Am. 25: 773-791.

DuBois RN , Radhika A. , Reddy BS , and Entingh AJ (1996). Increased cyclooxygenase-2 levels in carcinogen-induced rat colonic tumors . Gastroenterology 110: 1259-1262.

Eberhart CE , Coffey RJ , Radhika A. , Giardiello FM , Ferrenbach S. , and DuBois RN (1994). Up-regulation of cyclooxygenase 2 gene expression in human colorectal adenomas and adenocarcinomas. Gastroenterology 107: 1183-1188.

Oshima M. , Dinchuk JE , Kargman SL , Oshima H. , Hancock B. , Kwong E. , Trzaskos JM , Evans JF , and Taketo MM (1996). Suppression of intestinal polyposis in APCΔ716 knockout mice by inhibition of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase-2 (COX-2) . Cell 87: 803-809.

Sheng H. , Shao J. , Kirkland SC , Isakson P. , Coffey R. , Morrow J. , Beauchamp RD , and DuBois RN (1997). Inhibition of human colon cancer cell growth by selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2. J. Clin. Invest . 99: 2254-2259.

Tsujii M. and DuBois RN (1995). Alterations in cellular adhesion and apoptosis in epithelial cells overexpressing prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase-2. Cell 83: 493-501.

Tsujii M. , Kuwano S. , and DuBois RN (1997). Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in human colon cancer cells increases metastatic potential. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 3336-3340.

Williams CW and DuBois RN (1996). Prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase: Why two isoforms? Am. J. Physiol. 270: G393-G400.

Williams CW , Luongo C. , Radhika A. , Zhang T. , Lamps LW , Nanney LB , Beauchamp RD , and DuBois RN (1996). Elevated cyclooxygenase-2 levels in Min mouse adenomas. Gastroenterology 111: 1134-1140.

Birkedal-Hansen H. , Moore WGI , Bodden MK , Windsor LJ , Birkedal-Hansen B. , DeCarlo A. , and Engler JA (1993). Matrix metalloproteinases: A review. Crit. Rev. Oral Biol. Med. 4: 197-250.

Brooks PC , Stromblad S. , Sanders LC , von Schalscha TL , Aimes RT , Stetler-Stevenson WG , Quigley JP , and Cheresch DA (1996). Localization of matrix metalloproteinase MMP-2 to the surface of invasive cells by interaction with Integrin αvβ3 . Cell 85: 683-693.

Brown PD and Giavazzi R. (1995). Matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors: A review of anti-tumor activity. Ann. Oncol. 6: 967-974.

Cottam DW and Rees RC (1993). Regulation of matrix metalloproteinases: Their role in tumor invasion and metastasis. Int. J. Oncol. 2: 861-872.

Kleiner DE and Stetler-Stevenson WG (1993). Structural biochemistry and activation of matrix metalloproteinases. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 5: 891-897.

Liotta LA and Stetler-Stevenson WG (1991). Tumor invasion and metastasis: An imbalance of positive and negative regulation. Cancer Res. 51 (suppl): 5054s-5059s.

Newell KJ , Witty JP , and Rodgers WH (1994). Expression and localization of matrix-degrading metalloproteinases during colorectal tumorigenesis. Mol. Carcinog . 10: 199-206.

Ray JM and Stetler-Stevenson WG (1996). Matrix metalloproteinases and malignant disease: Recent developments. Exp. Opin. Invest. Drugs 5(3): 323-335.

Sato H. , Takino T. , Okada Y. , and Seiki M. (1994). A matrix metalloproteinase expressed on the surface of invasive tumor cells. Nature 370: 61-65.

Smith-Templeton N. , Brown PD , and Levy AT (1990). Cloning and characterization of human melanoma interstitial collagenase. Cancer Res. 50: 5431-5437.

Chee MS , Yang R. , Hubbell E. , Berno A. , Huang XC , Stern D. , Winkler J. , Lockhart DJ , Morris MS , and Fodor SP (1996). Accessing genetic information with high-density DNA arrays. Science 274: 610-614.

Church GM and Gilbert W. (1983). Genomic sequencing. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81: 1991-1995.

Fodor SP , Read JL , Pirrung MC , Stryer L. , Lu AT , and Solas D. (1991). Light-directed, spatially addressable parallel chemical synthesis. Science 251: 767-773.

Hacia JG , Brody LC , Chee MS , Fodor SP , and Collins FS (1996). Detection of heterozygous mutations in BRCA1 using high-density oligonucleotide arrays and two colour fluorescence analysis. Genetics 14: 441-447.

Kozal M. , Shah N. , Shen N. , Yang R. , Fucini R. , Merigan TC , Richman DD , Morris MS , Hubbell E. , Chee MS , and Gingeras TR (1996). Extensive polymorphisms observed in HIV-1 clade B protease gene using high-density oligonucleotide arrays. Nat. Med. 2: 753-759.

Lockhart DJ , Dong H. , Byrne MC , Follettie MT , Gallo MV , Chee MS , Mittmann M. , Wang C. , Kobayashi M. , Horton H. , and Brown EL (1996). Expression monitoring by hybridization to high-density oligonucleotide arrays. Nat. Biotechnol. 14: 1675-1680.

Pease AC , Solas D. , Sullivan EJ , Cronin MT , Holmes CP , and Fodor SP (1994). Light-generated oligonucleotide arrays for rapid DNA sequence analysis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91: 5022-5026.

Shoemaker DD , Lashari DA , Morris MS , Mittmann M. , and Davis RW (1996). Quantitative phenotypic analysis of yeast deletion mutants using a highly parallel molecular bar-coding strategy. Nat. Genet. 14: 450-456.

Wallace RB , Johnson MJ , Hirose T. , Miyaki T. , Kawashima EH , and Itakura K. (1981). The use of oligonucleotides as probes. II. Hybridization of oligonucleotides of mixed sequence to rabbit-globin DNA. Nucleic Acid Res. 9: 879-894.

Dooley KL , Von Tungeln LS , Bucci T. , Fu PP , and Kadlubar FF (1992). Comparative tumorigenicity of 4-aminobiphenyl and the food pyrolysates, Glu-P-1, IQ, PhIP, and MeIQx in the neonatal B6C3F, male mouse. Cancer Lett. 62: 205-209.

Flammang TJ , Von Tungeln LS , Kadlubar FF , and Fu PP (1997). Neonatal mouse assay for tumorigenicity. Alternative to the chronic rodent bioassay. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. in press.

Fox TR , Schumann AM , Watanabe PG , Yano BL , Maher VM , and McCormick JJ (1990). Mutational analysis of the Ha-ras oncogene in spontaneous C57BL/6 X C3H/He mouse liver tumors and tumors induced with genotoxic and nongenotoxic hepatocarcinogens. Cancer Res. 50: 4014-4019.

Fu PP , Dooley KL , Von Tungeln LS , Bucci T. , Hart RW , and Kadlubar FF (1994). Caloric restriction profoundly inhibits liver tumor formation after initiation by 6-nitrochrysene. Carcinogenesis 15: 159-161.

Fujii K. (1991). Evaluation of the newborn mouse model for chemical tumorigenesis. Carcinogenesis 12: 1409-1415.

Pietra G. , Spencer K. , and Shubik P. (1959). Response of newly born mice to a chemical carcinogen . Nature 183: 1689.

Von Tungeln LS , Bucci TJ , Hart RW , Kadlubar FF , and Fu PP (1996). Inhibitory effect of caloric restriction on tumorigenicity induced by 4-aminobiphenyl and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo-[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) in the CD1 newborn mouse assay. Cancer Lett. 104: 133-136.

Wiseman RW , Stowers SJ , Miller EC , Anderson MW , and Miller JA (1986). Activating mutations of the c-Ha-ras protooncogene in chemically-induced hepatomas of the male B6C3F, mouse. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83: 5825-5829.

Wislocki PG , Bagan ES , Ln AYH , Dooley KL , Fu PP , Han-Hsu H. , Beland FA , and Kadlubar FF (1986). Tumorigenicity of nitrated derivatives of pyrene, benz[a]anthracene, chrysene and benzo[a]pyrene in the newborn mouse assay . Carcinogenesis 7: 1317-1322.

Cannon RE , Spalding JW , Kelly VM , Humble MC , Lacks GD , and Tennant RW (1997). Induction of transgene expression in Tg.AC (v-Ha-ras) transgenic mice is concomitant with DNA hypomethlation (submitted).

Hansen LA , Trempus CS , and Tennant RW (1996). Association of tumor development with increased cellular proliferation and transgene over expression, but not c-Ha-ras mutations, in v-Ha-ras transgenic Tg.AC mice. Carcinogenesis 179: 1825-1833.

Tennant RW , Spalding J. , and French JE (1966). Evaluation of transgenic bioassays for identifying carcinogens and non carcinogens. Mutat. Res. 365: 119-127.

Trempus CS , Mahler JF , Ananthaswamy HV , Loughlin SM , Tennant RW , and French JE (1997). Photocarcinogenesis and susceptibility to UV radiation in the v-Ha-ras transgenic Tg.AC mouse (submitted).

Commission on Risk Assessment and Risk Management (1997a). Framework environmental health risk management. In: Final Report, Vol. 1. Washington, D.C.

Commission on Risk Assessment and Risk Management (1997b). Risk assessment and risk management in regulatory decision-making. In: Final Report, Vol. 2. Washington, D.C.

Commission on Risk Assessment and Risk Management (1997c). Papers from the Commission on Risk Assessment and Risk Management, G Charnley (ed). Human and Ecological Risk Assessment 3(4) (in press).

National Research Council (1994). Science and Judgment in Risk Assessment. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.

National Research Council (1983). Risk Assessment in the Federal Government: Managing the Process. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.

Omenn GS (1996). Putting environmental risks in a public health context. Public Health Rep. 111: 514-516.

Omenn GS (1996). Putting EPA's cancer risk assessment guidelines in perspective. Issues Sci. Technol. 12: 29.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1996 ). Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment. EPA/600/P-92/003C . Office of Research and Development, Washington, D.C.

Albertini RJ , O'Noill JP , Nicklas JA , Rccio L. , and Skopek TR (1990). hprt mutations in vivo in human T-lymphocytes: Frequencies, spectra and clonality. In: Mutation and Environment. Part C. Wiley-Liss, Inc. pp. 15-24.

Bastlova T. , Vodioka P. , Peterkova K. , Hemminki K. , and Lambert B. (1995). Styrenc oxide-induced HPRT mutations. DNA adducts and DNA strand breaks in cultured human lymphocytes. Carcinogenesis 16: 2357-2362.

Cooper DN and Krawczak M. (1996). Human gene mutation database. Hum Genet. 98(5): 629.

Danheiser SL , Liber HL , and Thilly WG (1989). Long-term, low-dose benzo(a)pyrene-induced mutation in human lymphoblasts competent in xenobiotic metabolism. Mutat. Res. 210: 143-147.

Denissenko MF , Chen JX , Tang M-S. , and Pfeifer GP (1997). Cytosine methylation determines hot spots of DNA damage in the human P53 gene . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 3893-3898.

Denissenko MF , Pao A. , Tang M-S. , and Pfeifer GP (1996). Preferential formation of benzo(a)pyrene adducts at lung cancer mutation hotspots in p53. Science 274: 430-432.

Hainaut P. , Soussi T. , Shomer B. , Hollstein M. , Greenblatt M. , Hovig E. , Harris CC , and Montosano R. (1997). Database of p53 gene somatic mutations in human tumors and cell lines: Updated compilation and future prospects. Nucleic Acids Res. 25(1): 151-157.

Hanekamp JS , André P. , Coller HA , Li X-C. , Thilly WG , and Khrapko K. (1996). Constant denaturant capillary electrophoresis for detection and enrichment of sequence variants. In: Laboratory Protocols for Mutation Detection, U. Landegren (ed). Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom. pp. 38-41.

Hollstein M. , Soussi T. Thomas G. , von Brevern MC , and Bartsch 2nd (1997). P53 gene alterations in human tumors. Perspectives for cancer control. Recent Results Cancer Res . 143: 369-389.

Kaden DA , Call KM , Leong P. -M, Komives EA , and Thilly WG (1987). Killing and mutation of human lymphoblastscells by aflatoxin B1: Evidence for an induced repair response. Cancer Res. 47: 1993-2001.

Khrapko K. , Collor HA , André P. , Li X-C. , Foret P. , Belinky A. , Karger BL , and Thilly WG (1997). Mutational spectrometry without phenotypic selection: Human mitochondrial DNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 25: 685-693.

Khrapko K. , Coller HA , and Thilly WG (1996). Efficiency of separation of DNA mutations by constant denaturant capillary electrophoresis (CDCE) is controlled by the kinetics of DNA melting equilibrium. Electrophoresis 17: 1867-1874.

Khrapko K. , Hanekamp JS , Thilly WG , Belenkii A. , Foret F. , and Karger BL (1994). Constant denaturant capillary electrophoresis (CDCE): A high resolution approach to mutational analysis. Nucleic Acids Res. 22:8364-369.

Krawczak M. and Cooper DN (1997). The human gene mutation database. Trends Genet. 13(3): 121-122.

Thilly WG (1993) Measurement of mutation spectra as a molecular dosimeter. Use of biomarkers in assessing health and environmental impacts of chemical pollutants. NATO ASI Series A Life Sci. 250: 47-51.

Vodicka P. , Bastlova T. , Vodickova L. , Peterkova K. , Lambert B. , and Hemmink K. (1995). Biomarkers of styrene exposure in lamination workers: Levels of 86-guanine DNA adducts. DNA strand broaks and mutant frequencies in the hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase gene in T-lymphocytes . Carcinogenesis 16: 1473-1481.

Buters JTM et al (1996). Role of CYP1A2 in caffeine pharmacokinetics and metabolism: Studies using mice deficient in CYP1A2. Pharmacogenetics 6: 291-296.

Gonzalez FJ (1997). The role of carcinogen-metabolizing enzyme polymorphisms in cancer susceptibility. Rep. Toxicol. 11: 397-412.

Green S. and Wahli W. (1994). Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors: Finding the orphan a home. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 100: 149-153.

Lee SST et al (1995). Targeted disruption of the α isoform of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gene in mice results in abolishment of the pleiotropic effects of peroxisome proliferators . Mol. Cell. Biol. 15: 3012-3022.

Lee SST et al (1996). Role of CYP2E1 in the hepatotoxicity of acetaminophen. J. Biol. Chem. 271: 12063-12067.

Marsman DS and Barrett JC (1994). Apoptosis and chemical carcinogenesis. Risk Anal. 14: 321-326.

Nelson et al (1996). P450 superfamily: Update on new sequences, gene mapping, accession numbers and nomenclature. Pharmacogenetics 6: 1-42.

Reddy JK and Lalwani ND (1983). Carcinogenesis by hepatic peroxisome proliferators: Evaluation of the risk of hypolipidemic drugs and inductrial plasticizers to humans. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 13: 1-58.

Roberts RA (1996). Non-genotoxic hepatocarcinogenesis: Suppression of apoptosis by peroxisome proliferators. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 804: 588-611.

Valentine JL (1996). Reduction of benzene metabolism and toxicity in mice that lack CYP2E1 expression. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 14: 205-213.

Areces LB , Kazanietz MG , and Blumberg PM (1994). Close similarity of baculovirus expressed n-chimaerin and protein kinase C α as phorbol ester receptors. J. Biol. Chem. 269: 19553-19558.

Kozikowski AP , Wang S. , Ma D. , Yao J. , Bogi K. , Acs P. , Modarres S. , Ahmad S. , Glazer RI , and Blumberg PM (1997). Modeling, chemistry, and biology of the benzolactam analogues of IL V. 2. Identification of the binding site of the benzolactams in the CRD2 activator-binding domain of PKC δ and discovery of an IL V analogue of improved isozyme selectivity. J. Med. Chem. 40: 1316-1326.

Szallasi Z. , Denning MF , Smith CB , Dlugosz AA , Yuspa SH , Pettit GR , and Blumberg PM (1994). Bryostatin 1 protects PKC δ from down regulation in mouse keratinocytes in parallel with its inhibition of phorbol ester induced differentiation. Mol. Pharmacol. 46: 840-850.

Zhang G. , Kazanietz MG , Blumberg PM , and Hurley JH (1995). Crystal structure of the cys2 activator binding domain of protein kinase C δ in complex with phorbol ester. Cell 81: 917-924.

Beaudry GA , Bertelsen AH , and Sherman MI (1996). Therapeutic targeting of the p53 tumor suppressor gene. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 7: 592-600.

Cho Y. , Gorina S. , Jeffrey NP , and Pavletich NP (1994). Crystal structure of a p53 tumor suppressor-DNA complex: Understanding tumorigenic mutations. Science 265: 346-355.

Kussie PH , Gorina S. , Marechal V. , Elenblas B. , Moreau J. , Levine AJ , and Pavletich NP (1997). Crystal structure of the MDM2 oncoprotein bound to the transactivation domain of the p53 tumor suppressor. Science 274: 948-953.

Madden SL , Galella EA , Riley D. , Bertelsen AH , and Beaudry GA (1996). Induction of cell growth regulatory genes by p53 . Cancer Res. 56: 5384-5390.

Velculescu VE , Zhang L. , Vogelstein B. , and Kinzler KW (1995). Serial analysis of gene expression. Science 270: 484-487.

Barrett MT , Galipeau P. , Sanchez C. , Emond MJ , and Reid BJ (1996). Determination of the frequency of loss of heterozygosity in esophageal adenocarcinoma by cell sorting, whole genome amplification and microsatellite polymorphisms. Oncogene 12: 1873-1878.

Barrett MT , Reid BJ , and Joslyn G. (1995). Genotypic analysis of multiple loci in somatic cells by whole genome amplification. Nucleic Acids Res. 23: 3368-3372.

Barrett MT , Sanchez CA , Galipeau PC , Neshat K. , Emond M. , and Reid BJ (1996). Allelic loss of 9p21 and mutation of the CDKN2/ p16 gene develop as early lesions during neoplastic progression in Barrett's esophagus. Oncogene 13: 1867-1873.

Blot WJ , Devesa SS , Kneller RW , and Fraumeni JF, Jr. (1991). Rising incidence of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and gastric cardia. JAMA 265: 1287-1289.

Blount PL , Galipeau PC , Sanchez CA , Neshat K. , Levine DS , Yin J. , Suzuki H. , Abraham JM , Meltzer SJ , and Reid BJ (1994). 17p allelic losses in diploid cells of patients with Barrett's esophagus who develop aneuploidy. Cancer Res . 54: 2292-2295.

Carder P. , Wyllie AH , Purdic CA , Morris RG , White S. , Piris J. , and Bird CC (1993). Stabilised p53 facilitates aneuploid colonal divergence in colorectal cancer. Oncogene 8: 1397-1401.

Cross S. , Sanchez CA , Morgan C. , Schimke M. , Idzerda R. , Raskind W. , and Reid BJ (1995). A p53-dependent mouse spindle checkpoint. Science 267: 1353-1356.

Deng C. , Zhang P. , Harper JW , Elledge SJ , and Leder P. (1995). Mice lacking p21CIP1/WAFI undergo normal development, but are defective in G1 checkpoint control, Cell 82: 675-684.

El-Deiry WS , Tokino T. , Velculescu VP , Levy DB , Parsons R. , Trent JM , Lin D. , Mercer WE , Kinzler KW , and Vogelstein B. (1993). WAF1, a potential mediator of p53 tumor suppression . Cell 75: 817-825.

Galipeau PC , Cowan DS , Sanchez CA , Barrett MT , Emond MI , Levine DS , Rabinovitch PS , and Reid BJ (1996). 17p (p53) allelic losses, 4N (G2/tetraploid) populatins and progression to aneuploidy in Barrett's esophagus . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93: 7081-7084.

Hamilton SR , Smith RRL , and Camcron JL (1988). Prevalence and characteristics of Barrett esophagus in parients with adenocarcinoma of the esophagus or esophagogastric junction. Hum. Pathol . 19: 942-948.

Harper JW , Adanti GR , Wei N. , Keyomarsi K. , and Elledge SJ (1993). The p21 cdk-interacting protein Cipl is a potent inhibitor of G1 cyclin-dependent kinases. Cell 75: 805-816.

Kastan MB , Onyckwere O. , Sidransky D. , Vogelstein B. , and Craig RW (1991). Participation of p53 protein in the cellular response to DNA damage. Cancer Res. 51: 6304-6311.

Kastan MB , Zhan Q. , El-Deiry WS , Carrier F. , Jucks T. , Walsh WV , Plunkett BS , Vogelstein B. , and Hornace AJ (1992). A mammalian cell cycle checkpoint pathway utilizing p53 and GADD45 is defective in Ataxia-Telangiectasia. Cell 71: 587-597.

Kuberitz SJ , Plunkett BS , Walsh WV , and Kastan MB (1992). Wild-type p53 is a cell cycle checkpoint determinant following irradiation . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 7491-7495.

Levine DS , Haggitt RC , Blount PL , Rabinovitch PS , Rusch VW , and Reid BJ (1993). An endoscopic biopsy protocol can differentiate high-grade dysplasia from early adenocarcinoma in Barrett's esophagus. Gastroenterology 105: 40-50.

Levine DS , and Reid BJ (1992). Endoscopic diagnosis of esophageal neoplasms. In: Gastroimestinal endoscopy clinics of North America, M Sivak , HW Boyce , and GA Boyce (eds). WB Saunders, Philadelphia, pp. 395-413.

Livingstone LR , White A. , Sprouse J. , Livanos E. , Jacks T. , and Tisty TD (1992). Altered cell cycle arrest and gene amplification potential accompany loss of wild-type p53. Cell 70: 923-936.

Lu X. , and Lane DP (1993). Differential induction of transcriptionally active p53 following UV or joining radiation: Defects in chromosome instability syndromes ? Cell 75: 765-778.

Muller JM , Erasmi H. , Stelzner M. , Zicren U. , and Pichlmaier H. (1990). Surgical therapy of oesophageal carcinoma. Br . J. Surg. 77: 845-857.

Neshat K. , Sanchez CA , Galipeau PC , Blount PL , Levine DS , Joslyn G. , and Reid BJ (1994). p53 mutations in Barrett's adenocarcinoma and high-grade dysplasia. Gastroenterology 106: 1589-1595.

Neshat K. , Sanchez CA , Galipeau PC , Cowan DS , Ramel S. , Levine DS , and Reid BJ (1995). Barrett's esophagus: A model of human neoplastic progression. Cold Spring Harb. Sym. Quant. Biol. LIX: 577-583.

Offerhaus GJA , De Geyter EP , Comclisse CJ , Tersmette KWF , Floyd J. , Kern SE , Vogelstein B. , and Hamilton SR (1992). The relationship of DNA aneuploidy to molecular genetic alterations in colorectal carcinoma. Gastroenterology 102: 1612-1619.

Phillips RW , and Wong RKH (1991). Barrett's esophagus: Natural history, incidence, etiology and complications. Gastroenterol Clm. North Am. 20: 791-816.

Rabinovitch PS , Reid BJ , Haggitt RC , Norwood TH , and Rubin CE (1988). Progression to cancer in Barrett's esophagus is associated with genomic instability . Lab Invest. 60: 65-71.

Reid BJ , Barrett MT , Galipcau PC , Sanchez CA , Neshat K. , Cowan DS , and Levine DS (1996). Barrett's esophagus: Ordering the events that lead to cancer. Eur. J. Cancer Prev. 5 (suppl. 2): 57-65.

Reid BJ , Blount PI , Rubin CE , Levine DS , Haggitt RC , and Rabinovitch PS (1992). Flow cytometric and histologic progression to malignancy in Barrett's esophagus: Prospective endoscopic surveillance of a cohort. Gastroenterology 102: 1212-1219.

Reid BJ , Weinstein WM , Lewin KJ , Haggitt RC , Van Deventer G. , DenBesten L. , and Rubin CE (1988). Endoscopic biopsy can detect high-grade dysplasia or early adenocarcinoma in Barrett's esophagus without grossly recognizable neoplastic lesions. Gastroenterology 94: 81-94.

Sandell LI , and Zakian VA (1993). Loss of a yeast telomere: Arrest, recovery, and chromosome loss. Cell 75: 729-739.

Sato T. , Tanigami A. , Yamakawa K. , Akiyama P. , Kasurni F. , Sakamoto G. , and Nakamura Y. (1990). Allelotype of breast cancer: Cumulative allele losses promote tumor progression in primary breast cancer. Cancer Res. 50: 7184-7189.

Sherr CJ (1996). Cancer cell cycles. Science 274: 1672-1677.

Silverberg E. , Boring CC , and Squires TS (1990). Cancer statistics, 1990. CA Cancer J. Clin. 40: 9-27.

Spechler SJ (1987). Endoscopic surveillance for patients with Barrett esophagus: Does the cancer risk justify the practice? Ann. Intern. Med. 106: 902-904.

Thrash-Bingham CA , Greenberg RE , Howard S. , Bruzel A. , Bremer M. , Goll A. , Salazar H. , Freed JJ , and Tarlof KD (1995). Comprehensive allelotyping of human renal cell carcinomas using microsatellite DNA probes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92: 2854-2858.

Vogelstein B. , Fearon ER , Hamilton SR , Kern SE , Preisinger AC , Leppert M. , Nakamura Y. , White R. , Smils AMM , and Bos JL (1988). Genetic alterations during colorectal tumor development. N. Engl. I. Med. 319: 525-532.

Vogelstein B. , Fearon ER , Kern SE , Hamilton SR , Preisinger AC , Nakamura Y. , and White R. (1989). Allelotype of colorectal carcinomas. Science 244: 207-211.

Wong DJ , Barrett MT , Stoger R. , Emond MJ , and Reid BJ (1997). p16 promoter is hypermethylated at a high frequency in esophageal adenocarcinomas. Cancer Res. 57: 2619-2622.

Xiong Y. , Hannon GJ , Zhang H. , Casso D. , Kobayashi R. and Beach D. (1993). p21 is a universal inhibitor of cyclin kinases . Nature 366: 701-704.

Yamaguchi T. , Toguchida J. , Yamamuro T. , Kotoura Y. , Takada N. , Kawaguchi N. , Kancko Y. , Nakamura Y. , Sasaki MS , and Ishizaki K. (1992). Allelotype analysis in osteosarcomas: Frequent allele loss on 3q, 13q, 17p, and 18q. Cancer Res. 52: 2419-2423.

Yin Y. , Tainsky MA , Bischoff FZ , Strong LC , and Wahl GM (1992). Wild-type p53 restores cell cycle control and inhibits gene amplification in cells with mutant p53 alleles. Cell 70: 937-948.

Field SJ , Tsai FY , Kuo F. , Zubiaga AM , Kaelin WC Jr , Livingston DM , Orkin SH , and Greenberg ME (1996). E2F-1 functions in mice to promote apoptosis and suppress proliferation . Cell 85: 549-561.

Haas-Kogan DA , Kogan SC , Levi D. , Dazin P. , T'Ang A. , Fung YK , and Israel MA (1995). Inhibition of apoptosis by the retinoblastoma gene product. EMBO J. 14(3): 461-472.

Knudson CM , Tung KSK , Tourtellotte WG , Brown GAJ , and Korsmeyer SJ (1995). Bax-deficient mice with lymphoid hyperplasia and male germ cell death. Science 270: 96-99.

Saen-Robles MT , Symonds H. , Chen J. , and Van Dyke T. (1994). Induction versus progression of brain tumor development: Differential functions for the pRB- and p53-targeting domains of SV40 T antigen. Mol. Cell Biol. 14: 2686-2698.

Symonds H. , Krall L. , Remington L. , Saenz-Robles M. , Lowe S. , Jacks T. , and Van Dyke T. (1991). p53-dependent apoptosis suppresses tumor growth and progression in vivo. Cell 78: 703-711.

Wu X. and Levine AJ (1994). p53 and E2F-1 cooperate to mediate apoptosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91: 3602-3606.

Yamasaki L. , Jacks T. , Bronson R. , Goillot E. , Harlow E. , and Dyson NJ (1996). Tumor induction and tissue atrophy in mice lacking E2F-1. Cell 85: 537-548.