Cytokines are polypeptide molecules important for the regulation and maintenance of immunity and hematopoiesis. Their central role in the control of a number of physiological mechanisms makes them an important area of both basic and applied biomedical research. This review presents an overview of basic and applied biology, and introduces the term cytokine technology to denote the use of cytokines as research tools for understanding the cellular and molecular regulation of hematopoiesis. A number of frontier technologies are reviewed, including fusion toxins, fusion proteins, and animal models of cytokine expression and regulation.
Allen TD and Dexter TM (1984). The essential cells of the hemopoietic microenvironment . Exp. Hematol. 12: 517-521.
2.
Arend AP (1991). Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist. J. Clin. Invest. 88: 1445-1451.
3.
Boone T., Chazin V., Kenney W., Swanson E., and Altrock B. (1988). Construction, purification and biological activities of recombinant human interleukin-2 analogs. Develop. Biol. Standard. 69: 157-168.
4.
Brizzi MF, Avanzi GC, and Pegorano L. (1991). Hematopoietic growth factor receptors. Int. J. Cell Cloning9:274-300.
5.
Cohen RB, Siegel JP, Puri RK, and Pluznik DH (1992). The immunotoxicology of cytokines. In: Clinical Immunotoxicology, DS Newcombe , NR Rose, and JC Bloom (eds). Raven Press, New York , pp. 93-108.
6.
Curtis BM, Williams DE, Broxmeyer HE, et al (1991). Enhanced hematopoietic activity of a human granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor-interleukin 3 fusion protein . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA88: 5809-5813.
7.
Dorshkind K. (1990). Regulation of hemopoiesis by bone marrow stromal cells and their products. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 8 : 111-137.
8.
Fanslow WC, Sims JE, Sassenfeld H., et al (1990). Regulation of alloreactivity in vivo by a soluble form of the interleukin-1 receptor. Science248: 739-742.
9.
Greenberger JS (1991). Toxic effects on the hematopoietic microenvironment. Exp. Hematol. 19: 1101-1109.
10.
Halpern MT (1991). Human nonspecific suppressive cytokines. J. Clin. Immunol. 11: 1-12.
11.
Henderson B. and Blake S. (1992). Therapeutic potential of cytokine manipulation. TiPS13: 145-152.
12.
Krauser ED, Wadler S., and Thiel E. (1992). Interactions between cytokines and cytotoxic drugs: Putative molecular mechanisms in experimental hematology and oncology. Semin. Oncol. 19: 1-7.
13.
LaMarre J., Wollenberg GK, Gonias SL, and Hayes MA (1991). Cytokine binding and clearance properties of proteinase-activated α2-macroglobulins . Lab. Invest. 65: 3-14.
14.
Lange W., Brugger W., Rosenthal FM, Kanz L., and Lindemann A. (1991). The role of cytokines in oncology. Int. J. Cell Cloning9: 252-273.
15.
Lübbert M., Jonas D., and Herrmann F. (1990). Animal models for the biological effects of continuous high cytokine levels. Blut61: 253-257.
16.
Lyman SD and Williams DE (1992). Biological activities and potential therapeutic uses of Steel factor. Am. J. Ped. Hematol. Oncol. 14: 1-7.
17.
Moore KW, Vieira P., Fiorentino DF, Trounstine ML, Khan TA, and Mosmann TR (1990). Homology of cytokine synthesis inhibitory factor (IL-10) to the Epstein-Barr virus gene BCRF1. Science248: 1230-1233.
18.
Moore M. (1991). The clinical use of colony stimulating factors . Annu. Rev. Immunol. 9 : 159-191.
19.
Newman SL and Tucci MA (1990). Regulation of human monocyte/macrophage function by extracellular matrix. J. Clin. Invest. 86: 703-714.
20.
Olsson I., Lantz M., and Richter J. (1992). The receptors for regulatory molecules of hematopoiesis. Eur. J. Haematol. 48: 1-9.
21.
Paetkau V. and Mills GB (1989). Cytokines and mechanisms of lymphocyte activation . Transplant. Immunol. 9: 21-43.
22.
Parkinson DR (1990). Lessons from the clinical trials of interleukin-2. Nat. Immun. Cell Growth Regul. 9: 242-252.
23.
Shalaby MR, Halgunset J., Haugen OA, et al (1991). Cytokine-associated tissue injury and lethality in mice: A comparative study. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol . 61:69-82.
24.
Strom TB, Anderson PL, Rubin-Kelley VE, et al (1991). Immunotoxins and cytokine toxin fusion proteins . Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 30: 233-250.
25.
Taniguchi T. (1988). Regulation of cytokine gene expression. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 6: 439-4.64.
26.
Van Brunt J. (1991). Assaying cytokines. BioTechnology9 : 439-441.
27.
Waldmann TA , Grant A., Tendler C., et al (1990). Lymphokine receptor-directed therapy: A model of immune intervention. J. Clin. Immunol.10: 19S-29S.
28.
Whetton AD and Dexter TM (1989). Myeloid haemopoietic growth factors. Biochim. Biophys. Acta989: 111-132.
29.
Whicher JT and Evans SW (1990). Cytokines in disease. Clin. Chem . 36: 1269-1281.
30.
Williams DE , Park LS, Broxmeyer HE, and Lu L. (1991). Hybrid cytokines as hematopoietic growth factors. Int. J. Cell Cloning9: 542-547.
