Studies of tubular injury and necrosis caused by heavy metals have indicated involvement by various parts of the proximal tubule. This paper describes the patterns of injury seen after administration of mercuric chloride, uranyl nitrate, and cisplatin to animal models. Studies describing a possible role of the mesangium of the renal corpuscle in proximal tubular injury are included.
References
1.
1. Anderson RJ, Linas SL, and Berns AS (1977). Non-oliguric acute renal failure. N. Engl. J. Med.296:1134–1138.
2.
2. Avasthi PS, Evan AP, and Hay D (1980). Glomerular endothelial cells in uranyl nitrate-induced acute renal failure in rats. J. Clin. Invest.65:121–127.
3.
3. Ausiello DA, Kreisberg JI, Roy C, and Karnovsky MJ (1980). Contraction of cultured rat glomerular cells of apparent mesangial origin after stimulation with angiotensin II and arginine vasopressin. J. Clin. Invest.65:754–760.
4.
4. Ballermann BJ, Dzau VJ, Skorecki KL, and Brenner BM (1983). Altered glomerular angiotensin II (All) receptor modulation in untreated diabetic rats. Kidney Int.23: 272.
5.
5. Barnett TB and Metcalf RG (1949). The pathological anatomy of uranium poisoning. In: Pharmacology and Toxicology of Uranium Compounds, C Voegtlin and HC Hodge (eds). McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, p. 207.
6.
6. Bcncosme SA, Stone RS, Latta H, and Madden SC (1960). Acute tubular and glomerular lesions in rat kidneys after uranium injury. Arch. Pathol.69:470–476.
7.
7. Blantz RC (1975). The mechanism of acute renal failure after uranyl nitrate. J. Clin. Invest.55:621–635.
8.
8. Brezis M, Rosen S, Silva P, and Epstein F (1984). Renal ischemia: A new perspective. Kidney Int.26:375–383.
9.
9. Brown GP, Doublas JG, and Krontiris-Litowitz J (1980). Properties of isolated rat glomeruli: Factors influencing binding affinity and comparative binding of angiotensin analogs. Endocrinology106:1923–1929.
10.
10. Bulger RE and Dobyan DC (1984). Proliferative lesions found in rat kidney after a single dose of cisplatin. J. Natl. Cancer Inst.73: 1235–1242.
11.
11. Chopra S, Kaufman JS, Jones TW, Hong WK, Gehr MK, Hamburger RJ, Flamenbaum W, and Trump BF (1982). Cis-diamminedichloroplatinum-induced acute renal failure in the rat. Kidney Int.21:54–64.
12.
12. Cuppage FE and Tate A (1967). Repair of the nephron following injury with mercuric chloride. Am. J. Pathol.51:405–430.
13.
13. Di Bona GF, McDonald FD, Flamenbaum W, Dam-min GJ, and Oken DE (1971). Maintenance of renal function in salt loaded rats despite severe tubular necrosis induced by HgCl2. Nephron8:205–220.
14.
14. Dobyan DC and Bulger RE (1984). Partial protection by chlorpromazine in mercuric chloride-induced acute renal failure in rats. Lab. Invest.50:578–586.
15.
15. Dobyan DC, Hill D, Lewis T, and Bulger RE (1981). Cyst formation in rat kidey induced by cis-platinum administration. Lab. Invest.45:260–268.
16.
16. Dobyan DC, Levi J, Jacobs C, Kosek J, and Weiner MW (1980). Mechanism of cis-platinum nephrotoxicity. II. Morphologic observations. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.213:551–556.
17.
17. Drewinko B and Gottlieb JA (1975). Action of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum at the cellular level. Cancer Treat. Rep.59:629–641.
18.
18. Einhorn LH and Williams SD (1979). The role of cis-platinum in solid tumor therapy. N. Engl. J. Med.300:289–291.
19.
19. Eknoyan G, Bulger RE, and Dobyan DC (1982). Mercuric chloride-induced acute renal failure in the rat. I. Correlation of functional and morphologic changes and their modification by clonidine. Lab. Invest.46:613–620.
20.
20. Eknoyan G, Dobyan DC, Senekjian HO, and Bulger RE (1983). Protective effect of oral clonidine in the prophylaxis and therapy of mercuric chloride-induced acute renal failure in the rat. J. Lab. Clin. Med.102:699–713.
21.
21. Flamenbaum E, Hamburger RJ, Huddleston ML, Daufman J, McNeil JS, Schwartz JS, and Nagle RB (1976). The initiation phase of experimental acute renal failure: An evaluation of uranyl nitrate-induced acute renal failure in the rat. Kidney Int.10: S115–S122.
22.
22. Gottlieb JA and Drewinko B (1975). Review of the current clinical status of platinum coordination complexes in cancer chemotherapy. Cancer Chemother. Rep.59:621–628.
23.
23. Gritzka T and Trump BF (1968). Renal tubular lesions caused by mercuric chloride. Am. J. Pathol.52:1225–1278.
24.
24. Gstraunthaler G, Pfaller W, and Kotanko P (1983). Glutathione depletion and in vitro lipid peroxidation in mercury or maleate-induced acute renal failure. Biochem. Pharmacol.32: 2969–2972.
25.
25. Haley DP (1982). Morphologic changes in uranyl nitrate induced acute renal failure in saline- and water-drinking rats. Lab. Invest.46:196–208.
26.
26. Haley DP, Bulger RE, and Dobyan DC (1982). The long term effects of uranyl nitrate on the structure and function of the rat kidney. Virchows Arch.41:181–192.
27.
27. Hepler OE and Simonds JP (1945). Experimental nephropathies III. Calcification and phosphatase in the kidneys of dogs poisoned with mercury bichloride, potassium dichromate, and uranyl nitrate. Arch. Path.40:37–43.
28.
28. Hostetter TH, Wilkes BM, and Brenner BM (1983). Renal circulatory and nephron function in experimental acute renal failure. In: Acute Renal Failure, BM Brenner and JM Lazarus (eds). W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia.
29.
29. Humes HD and Weinberg JM (1983). Cellular energetics in acute renal failure. In: Acute Renal Failure, BM Brenner and JM Lazarus (eds). W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp. 47–98.
30.
30. Jones TW, Chopra S, Kaufman JS, Flamenbaum W, and Trump BF (1985). Cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II)-induced acute renal failure in the rat. Lab. Invest.52:363–374.
31.
31. Khokhar AR, Hacker MP, McCormack JJ, Krakoff JIH, and Brown DB (1985). Antitumor and toxicity studies on water soluble N-substituted iminodiace-tato-1,2-diaminocyclohexane-platinum(II). Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res.26: 262.
32.
32. Kleinman JG, McNeil JS, Schwartz JH, Hamburger RJ, and Flamenbaum W (1977). Effect of dithio-threitol on mercuric chloride- and uranyl nitrate-induced acute renal failure in the rat. Kidney Int.12:115–121.
33.
33. Kreisberg JI (1983). Contractile properties of the glomerular mesangium. Fed. Proc.42:3053–3057.
34.
34. Levi J, Jacobs C, Kalman SM, Matigue M, and Weiner MW (1980). Mechanism of cis-platinum nephrotoxicity: I. Effects of sulfhydryl groups in rat kidneys. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.213:545–550.
35.
35. Lippman AJ, Nelson C, Nelson L, and Krakoff IH (1973). Clinical traits of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (NSC-119–875). Cancer Treat. Rep.57:191–200.
36.
36. McDowell EM, Nagle RB, Zalme RC, McNeil JS, Flamenbaum W, and Trump BF (1976). Studies on the pathophysiology of acute renal failure. I. Correlation of ultrastructure and function in the proximal tubule of the rat following administration of mercuric chloride. Virchows Arch.22:173–196.
37.
37. McMurray SD, Luft FC, and Maxwell DR (1978). Prevailing patterns and predictor variables in patients with acute tubular necrosis. Arch. Int. Med.138:950–955.
38.
38. Neuman WF, Fleming RW, Dounce AL, Carlson AB, O'Leary J, and Mulryan B (1948). The urinary excretion of citrate in uranium-poisoned rats. J. Biol. Chem.173:41–52.
39.
39. Neuman WF, Newman M W, Main ER, and Mulryan BJ (1948). The deposition of uranium in bone III. The effect of diet. J. Biol. Chem.175:715–719.
40.
40. Oliver J (1915). The histogenesis of chronic uranium nephritis with special reference to epithelial regeneration. J. Exp. Med.21: 425.
41.
41. Oliver J, MacDowell M, and Tracy A (1951). The pathogenesis of acute renal failure associated with traumatic and toxic injury: Renal ischemia, nephrotoxic damage and the ischemic episode. J. Clin. Invest.30: 1305.
42.
42. Passow H, Rothstein A, and Clarkson TW (1961). The general pharmacology of the heavy metals. Pharmacol. Rev.13:185–224.
43.
43. Rosa RM and Brown RS (1983). Acute renal failure associated with heavy metals and organic solvents. In: Acute Renal Failure, BM Brenner and JM Lazarus (eds). W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp. 321–332.
44.
44. Rosenberg B, Van Camp L, Trosko JE, and Mansour VH (1969). Platinum compounds: A new class of potent antitumor agents (Letter). Nature (Lond.)222: 385–386.
45.
45. Rothstein A (1959). Cell membrane as site of action of heavy metals. Fed. Proc.18:1026–1035.
46.
46. Ryan R, McNeil JS, Flamenbaum W, and Nagle R (1973). Uranyl nitrate-induced acute renal failure in the rat. Effect of varying doses and saline loading. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med.143:289–296.
47.
47. Safirstein R, Miller P, Dikman S, Lyman N, and Shapiro C (1981). Cisplatin nephrotoxicity in rats: Defect in papillary hypertonicity. Am. J. Physiol.241: F175–F185.
48.
48. Sahaphong S and Trump BF (1971). Studies of cellular injury in isolated kidney tubules of the flounder. Am. J. Pathol.63:277–290.
49.
49. Schor N, Ichikawa I, Rennke HG, Troy JL, and Brenner BM (1981). Pathophysiology of altered glomerular function in aminoglycoside-treated rats. Kidney Int.19:288–296.
50.
50. Siegel FL and Bulger RE (1975). Scanning and transmission electron microscopy of mercuric chloride-induced acute tubular necrosis in rat kidney. Virchows Arch. B (Cell Pathol.)18:243–262.
51.
51. Siegel FL and Bulger RE (1975). Scanning and transmission EM of rat kidney following low dose mercuric chloride administration. Beitr. Path. Bd.156:313–342.
52.
52. Sraer JD, Sraer J, Ardaillou R, and Mimoune O (1974). Evidence for renal glomerular receptors for angiotensin II. Kidney Int.6:241–246.
53.
53. Stein JH, Gottschall J, Osgood RW, and Ferris TF (1975). Pathophysiology of a nephrotoxic model of acute renal failure. Kidney Int.8:27–41.
54.
54. Taylor NS (1965). Histochemical studies of nephrotoxicity with sublethal doses of mercury in rats. Am. J. Path.46:1–21.
55.
55. Trump BF, Berezesky IK, Laiho KV, Osbornio AR, Mergner WJ, and Smith MW (1980). The role of calcium in cell injury. A review. Scanning Electron Microscopy II, SEM Inc., Chicago, pp. 437–462.
56.
56. Ward JM and Fauvie KA (1976). The nephrotoxic effects of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II) (NSC-119875) in male F344 rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol.38:535–547.
57.
57. Weiner MW and Jacobs C (1983). Mechanism of cisplatin nephrotoxicity. Fed. Proc.42:2974–2978.
58.
58. Zalme RC, McDowell EM, Nagel RB, McNeil JS, Flamenbaum W, and Trump BF (1976). Studies on the pathophysiology of acute renal failure. II. A histochemical study of the proximal tubule of the rat following administration of mercuric chloride. Virchows Arch. B (Cell Pathol.)22:197–216.