This article treats modern international institutions as means of regulating the lateral pressure generated by the industrial system. The linking roles played by post-war international institutions in decolonization and development should be thought of as part of a transnational political system regulating conflict in the vast international economic region that was formed among the industrialized states with market economies and their Third World dependencies. This political system grew out of civil society, the voluntary political realm identified by Antonio Gramsci as the social sphere in which aspirations develop and political identities form. Within the Third World the involvement of international institutions in decolonization and development helped both to create, and constantly to reinforce, civil society at the national level. As a result, the recent crises in international institutions and those in much of the Third World are intimately linked.
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