Sending states have taken various measures to protect their female nationals serving abroad as domestics. A most-similar case comparison is constructed between the Sri Lankan and Philippine states’ defenses of ‘their’ female migrant domestic workers (FMDWs), employing process tracing and relying on data from archival research, interviews, policies, and official statements. Existing explanations for sending-state actions stress dependence on remittances, receiving-country conditions, and the democratic incorporation of emigrants. Here, however, a stock of FMDWs with more highly valued human capital attributes, combined with a stronger civil society and greater gender equity, is shown to compel and enable the Philippine state to adopt a more assertive approach than its Sri Lankan counterpart in defending those migrants.‘
AcacioKristel (2008) Managing Labor Migration. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal17(2): 103–132.
2.
AchacosoTomas (2000) The International Labour Migration Institutions of Bangladesh, India, and Sri Lanka in Ferment. Dhaka: International Organization for Migration.
3.
AguilarFilomenoJr(2014) Migration Revolution. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.
BachAmandineHofKarina (eds) (2012) Filipina Migrant Domestic Workers Fighting for Their Rights in the Netherlands. Amsterdam: Dutch Commission for Filipino Migrant Workers.
7.
BairdMarianFordMicheleHillElizabeth (eds) (2017) Women, Work and Care in the Asia-Pacific. London: Routledge.
8.
BallRochelle (1997) The Role of the State in the Globalization of Labour Markets. Environment and Planning A29(9): 1603–1628.
9.
BaruahNilim (2016) Labor Migration Infrastructure and Services in Countries of Origin in Asia. In Asian Development Bank Institute (ADBI), International Labour Organization (ILO), and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Labor Migration in Asia. Tokyo: ABDI, ILO, and OECD, 18–29.
10.
BattistellaGrazianoAsisMaruja (2011) Protecting Filipino Transnational Domestic Workers. Discussion Paper Series No. 2011-12. Makati City: Philippines Institute for Development Studies.
11.
BengtssonBoRuonavaaraHannu (2011) Comparative Process Tracing in Housing Studies. International Journal of Housing Policy11(4): 395–414.
12.
Caritas Sri Lanka [CSL] (2011) Migration of Sri Lankan Women. Luxembourg: Caritas.
13.
Caritas Sri Lanka [CSL] (2013) Migration of Sri Lankan Women. Luxembourg: Caritas.
14.
ChauliaSreeram (2011) International Organizations and Civilian Protection. New York: IB Tauris and Co.
15.
ChrishanthiChristopher (2013) Govt. Refutes IOM Claims. Ceylon Today, 6May, p. 1.
Coordination of Action Research on AIDs and Mobility [CARAM] (2013) Study on Relations between Contributions of Migrants to Development. Kuala Lumpur: CARAM Asia.
18.
DesiderioMaria VincenzaWeinarAgnieszka (2014) Supporting Immigrant Integration in Europe?Brussels: Migration Policy Institute Europe.
19.
GamburdMichele Ruth (2002) Transnationalism and Sri Lanka’s Migrant Households. New Delhi: Vistaar Publications.
20.
GamburdMichele Ruth (2009) Advocating for Sri Lankan Migrant Workers. Critical Asian Studies41(1): 61–88.
21.
GamlenAlanCummingsMichaelVaalerPaulRossouwLaura (2013) Explaining the Rise of Diaspora Institutions. International Migration Institute (IMI) Working Paper WP78. Oxford: IMI, University of Oxford.
22.
GoisWilliamCampbellKaren (2013) Stranded Migrants. Migration and Development2(2): 157–172.
23.
GonzalezJoaquin JayIII (2011) Diaspora Diplomacy. Minneapolis: Mill City Press.
24.
GunawardanaSamanthi (2014) Labor Movement Responses to International Labor Migration in Sri Lanka. Washington, DC: Solidarity Center, AFL-CIO.
25.
Government of Sri Lanka [GSL] (2011) Rights of migrant workers. In National Action Plan for the Protection and Promotion of Human Rights, 2011–2016. Colombo: Government of Sri Lanka, 77–92.
26.
IrelandPatrick (2011) Female Migrant Domestic Workers in Southern Europe and the Levant. Mediterranean Politics16(3): 343–363.
27.
Irudaya RajanSNarayanaD (2010) The Financial Crisis in the Gulf and its Impact on South Asian Migrant Workers. Working Paper 236. Thiruvananthapuram: Centre for Development Studies.
28.
JayasekeraSandun (2013) No Govt Interference for Crimes Committed by Lankans Abroad. Daily Mirror (Colombo), 5June, p. A5.
29.
KayAdrianBakerPhillip (2015) What Can Causal Process Tracing Offer to Policy Studies? A Review of the Literature. The Policy Studies Journal43(1): 1–21.
30.
KesslerChristlRotherStefan (2016) Democratization through Migration?Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books.
31.
KoinovaMaria (2010) Diasporas and International Politics. In BauböckRainerFaistThomas (eds) Diaspora and Transnationalism. Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam Press, 149–165.
32.
Ministry for Foreign Employment Promotion and Welfare [MFEPW] (2013) Migration Profile: Sri Lanka. Colombo: MFEPW.
33.
Ministry for Foreign Employment Promotion and Welfare [MFEPW] (2014) Profile (Duties and Functions). Colombo: MFEPW. Available at: http://archive.is/M4HDe.
34.
MoorsAnneliesJureidiniRayÖzbayFerhundeSabbanRima (2009) Migrant Domestic Workers. In ShamiSeteney (ed.) Publics, Politics and Participation. New York: Social Science Research Council, 151–175.
35.
MurrayHeather (2012) Hope for Reform Springs Eternal. Cornell International Law Journal45: 461–485.
36.
OhYoon Ah (2016) Oligarchic Rules and Best Practice Migration Management. Contemporary Politics22(2): 197–214.
SamaratungaParakramaJayaweeraRoshiniPereraNethmini (2012) Impact of Migration and Remittances on Investment. Colombo: Institute of Policy Studies of Sri Lanka.
39.
Scalabrini Migration Center [SMC] (2010) Realizing Migration and Development in the Philippines. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal19(4): 551–576.
40.
SilveyRachel (2004) Transnational Domestication. Political Geography23: 245–264.
41.
SolomonM Scott (2009) State-Led Migration, Democratic Legitimacy, and Deterritorialization. European Journal of Asian Studies8(2): 275–300.
42.
SyMarvin (2013) Drilon to Comelec, DFA: Explain Low OAV Turnout. The Philippine Star, 22May, p. 1.
43.
ThimothyRakkeeSasikumarS KRatnayakePadminiAngAlvin P (2016) Labour Migration Structures and Financing in Asia. Geneva: ILO.
44.
TurnerJennifer (2007) Exported and Exposed. Human Rights Watch19(16C).
45.
United States Agency for International Development [USAID] (2014) The 2014 CSO Sustainability Index for Asia. Washington, DC: USAID.
46.
ValleceraJunOrdinarioCai (2011) Oct. Remittances Hit Record $1.77B. Business Mirror (Manila), 16–17December, p. A1.
47.
World Economic Forum [WEF] (2015) The Global Gender Gap Report 2015. Geneva: WEF.
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
