Human Science and Ethics in a Creative Society

Gibson Winter , 'Toward a Comprehensive Science of Policy' , The Journal of Religion 50, No. 4 (1970), pp. 352-371.

Martin Heidegger , What is Called Thinking?, Harper & Row, Publishers , New York, N.Y., 1968, pp. 79ff.

Michel Foucault , The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences, Random House, New York, N.Y., 1970 , esp. Part 2 with special reference to Chapter 10.

Karl Marx , Critique of Hegel's 'Philosophy of Right', translated by Joseph O'Malley, The University Press, Cambridge , England, 1970, pp. 131f.

Ibid., p. xliv.

Ibid., p. 137.

Ibid., p. 142.

The principal reservation on this generalization is the centrality of praxis, since social science gravitated toward mechanistic models even as Marx did in his later work on political economy. The essence of the vision, however, is that man is an active, history-shaping being.

Robert A. Nisbet , The Sociological Tradition, Basic Books, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1966 - note especially the stress on authority and status in his thematization which would be viewed here as themes in the infra-structure of the broader vision.

For an interpretation of the 'techno-culture' and with apologies for such shorthand terminology, see the author's Being Free: Reflections on America's Cultural Revolution, The Macmillan Company, New York, N.Y., 1970 - the present treatment of the human sciences can be understood as a continuation of that fundamental reflection in Being Free on the problem of man and Being in the crisis of the West.

Alvin W. Gouldner , The Coming Crisis of Western Sociology, Basic Books, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1970; for a less polemical and very insightful discussion of the problems of style and thought in the sociological tradition, see also Robert W. Friedrichs , A Sociology of Sociology, The Free Press, New York, N.Y., 1970.

Alfred Schütz , Collected Papers, Vol. I: The Problem of Social Reality, Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague , 1962, 'Symbol, Reality, and Society', pp. 287-356.

Despite its appeal as a simplification of Alfred Schütz's work, this problem is most serious in Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann's popularization of his ideas in The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge, Anchor Books, Doubleday and Co., Inc., Garden City, N.Y., 1967.

Alfred Schütz, op.cit., pp. 347f.

Martin Heidegger , Poetry, Language, Thought, translated by Albert Hofstadter, Harper & Row, Publishers, New York, N.Y., 1971, esp. Chapter IV. 'Building Dwelling Thinking'; the author is indebted to Robert Miller who drew attention to the significance of this aspect of Heidegger's work in his own study of the problem of authentic building in proposals for housing under the Model Cities program in Chicago. 16 Karl Marx, Introduction, op.cit., p. 131.

Ibid., p. 137.

Ernest Becker, The Structure of Evil: An Essay on the Unification of the Science of Man, George Braziller, New York, 1968 - a richly documented treatment of the sociological tradition with many affinities to the present proposal, though drawing upon and moving toward the Enlightenment tradition.

This is nowhere more patently demonstrated than in Emile Durkheim's conclusion to The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life, The Free Press, Glencoe, Ill., 1967, where he moves toward an idealistic notion of society in order to hold together societal creativity and the possibility of individual realization.

We are developing the implicit transcendence of 'society' along the lines of the notion of self in Martin Heidegger's Being and Time; for the nature of such a step, see Paul Ricoeur's illuminating essay on the rise of Dasein as self as essentially the same as the rise of language, 'The Critique of Subjectivity and Cogito in the Philosophy of Heidegger', in Heidegger and the Quest for Truth (ed. by Manfred S. Frings), Quadrangle Books, Chicago, Ill., 1968.

For an explication of temporal structure, see Gibson Winter, 'Toward a Comprehensive Science of Policy', op.cit.

Nicholas Lobkowicz , Theory and Practice: History of a Concept from Aristotle to Marx, University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, Ind. 1967, esp. Ch. 25.

Martin Heidegger , 'Letter on Humanism' in Philosophy in the Twentieth Century, Vol. Three (ed. by William Barrett and Henry D. Aiken ), Harper & Row, New York, 1962, esp. pp. 217ff.

Karl Marx , Selected Writings in Sociology and Social Philosophy (ed. by T. B. Bottomore and Maximilien Rubel ), McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1964, pp. 254f.

Talcott Parsons , The Structure of Social Action, The Free Press, New York, 1949.

Alphonse De Waelhens , 'Vie Intérieure et Vie Active', in Rencontres Internationales de Genève, 1950, Editions de la Baconniere, Neuchatel, 1950 , pp. 29-39.

27 This notion is, of course, drawn from Martin Heidegger but is consistent with A. de Waelhens formulation.

Alphonse de Waelhens, op.cit., p. 38.

Martin Heidegger , Poetry, Language, Thought, op.cit., pp. 148ff.

Alfred Schütz , Collected Papers, Volume I, pp. 340-346.

Gibson Winter , Elementsfor a Social Ethic: Scientific Perspectives on Social Process, The Macmillan Co., New York, 1966, esp. Chapter 6, 'Order and Evaluation in Human Science'.

Ibid., Chapter 7.

Mircea Eliade , The Myth of the Eternal Return, Pantheon Books, Inc., New York, 1954.

Ibid, p. 162.

Ibid., p. 161.

Coert Rylaarsdam , 'The Two Covenants and the Dilemmas of Christology' , Journal of Ecumenical Studies, 1972.

Ibid., p. 1.

Sigmund Mowinckel , He That Cometh (transl. by G. W. Anderson), Abingdon Press , New York, Ch. III, 'The Ideal of 'Kingship in Ancient Israel'.

Note, however, the essay, 'Time and Being', in Martin Heidegger , On Time and Being (Harper and Row, New York , 1972).