Perceived uncertainty and anger lead people to investigate with respect to the establishment, and politicians who are seen as reckless within society. In this sense, populist discourse paved a way to respond by glorifying one group of people and scapegoating others that emerge as group differentiation. Critical moments especially illustrate mutual constructive identification through the discourse of political actors. This article explores a contextual change in the populist discourse of the Justice and Development Party (JDP) leaders by observing the successive elections that occurred in 2015. It argues that the leaders mainly expressed an “us–them distinction,” “in-group superiority,” and “the people” populist themes; as well as these themes, the electoral speeches made for the second election presented scapegoating and exclusionary statements even more.
AbtsK.RummensS.. “Populism versus Democracy.” Political Studies55, no. 2 (2007): 405–24.
2.
AlbertazziD.McDonnellD.. “Conclusion: Populism and Twenty-First Century Western European Democracy”, in Twenty-First Century Populism: The Spectre of Western European Democracy, eds. AlbertazziDanieleMcDonnellDuncan, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008.
3.
AlvaresC.DahlgrenP.. “Populism, Extremism and Media: Mapping an Uncertain Terrain.” European Journal of Communication31, no. 1 (2016): 46–57.
4.
AslanidisP. “Is Populism an Ideology? A Refutation and a New Perspective.” Political Studies64, no. 1 (2015): 88–104.
5.
BakkerBN.RooduijnM.SchumacherG. “The Psychological Roots of Populist Voting: Evidence from the United States, the Netherlands and Germany.” European Journal of Political Research55, no. 2 (2015): 4.
6.
BarrR. “Populists, Outsiders and Anti-Establishment Politics.” Party Politics15, no. 1 (2009): 29–48.
7.
CaianiM.della PortaD.. “Extreme Right-Wing and Populism: A Frame Analysis of Extreme Right-Wing Discourses in Italy and Germany.” Institute for Advanced Studies, Political Science Series (2010): 121:15.
8.
CanovanM. “Taking Politics to the People: Populism as the Ideology of Democracy”, in Democracies and the Populist Challenge, eds. Meny and Sure, New York: Palgrave, 2002.
9.
De la TorreC. Populist Seduction in Latin America. Ohio: Ohio University Press, 2010.
10.
Di TellaT. “Populism into the Twenty-first Century.” Government and Opposition32 no. 2 (1997): 187–200.
11.
EnyediZ. “The Role of Agency in Cleavage Formation.” European Journal of Political Research44, no.5 (2005): 697–720.
12.
GidronN.BonikowskiB.. “Varieties of Populism: Literature Review and Research Agenda.” Weatherhead Center for International Affairs, Working Paper, 13 (2013): 15.
13.
HawkinsK. “Populism in Venezuela: The Rise of Chavismo.” Third World Quarterly24, no. 6 (2003): 1137–1160.
14.
HawkinsK. “Is Chaves Populist? Measuring Populist Discourse in Comparative Perspective.” Comparative Political Studies42, no. 8 (2009): 1040–1067.
15.
JagersJ.WalgraveS.. “Populism as a Political Communication Style: An Empirical Study of Political Parties’ Discourse in Belgium.” European Journal of Political Science46, no. 3 (2007): 319–345.
16.
KoopmansR.MuisJ.. “The Rise of Right-Wing Populist Pim Fortuyn in the Netherlands: A Discursive Opportunity Approach.” European Journal of Political Research48, no. 5 (2009): 642–664.
17.
KrastevI. After Europe. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017.
18.
LaclauE. On Populist Reason. London-New York: Verso, 2005.
19.
MatthesJ.SchmuckD.. “Explaining the Effects of Right-Wing Populist Ads on Explicit and Implicit Attitudes Toward Immigrants.” Communication Research44, no. 4 (2017): 1–26.
20.
MoffittB.The Global Rise of Populism: Performance, Political Style and Representation. California: Stanford University Press, 2016.
21.
MouffeC. “The Radical Centre: A Politics Without Adversary.” Soundings9 (1998): 15.
22.
MuddeC. “The Populist Zeitgeist.” Government and Opposition39, no. 4: (2004): 541–563.
23.
MuddeC. Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
24.
MuddeC.KaltwasserCR.. “Voices of the Peoples: Populism in Europe and Latin America Compared.” The Helen Kellogg Institute for International Studies, Working Paper, no. 378 (2011): 2.
25.
MüllerJ-W. What is Populism?Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press., 2016.
26.
PanizzaF. Populism and the Mirror of Democracy. London: Verso, 2005.
27.
RooduijnM.LangeS.BrugW.. “A Populist Zeitgeist? Programmatic Contagion by Populist Parties in Western Europe.” Party Politics20, no. 4 (2014): 563–575.
28.
RooduijnM.PauwelsT. “Measuring Populism: Comparing Two Methods of Content Analysis.” West European Politics34, no. 6 (2011): 1272–1283.
29.
SpruytB., G., and Van Droogenbroeck F. “Who Supports Populism and What Attracts People to It?Political Research Quarterly69, no. 2 (2016): 335–346.
30.
StanleyB. “The Thin Ideology of Populism.” Journal of Political Ideologies13, no. 1 (2008): 95–110.
31.
TaggartP. “Populism and the Pathology of Representative Politics,” in Democracies and the Populist Challenge, eds. MényYvesSurelYves, New York: Palgrave, 2002.
32.
TaguieffAP. “Political Science Confronts Populism: From a Conceptual Mirage to a Real Problem.” Telos103 (1995): 9–43.
33.
WeylandK. “Clarifying a Contested Concept: Populism in the Study of Latin American Politics.” Comparative Politics34, no. 1 (2001):1–22.
34.
WodakR. “Anything Goes! The Haiderization of Europe,” in the Right-Wing Populism in Europe: Politics and Discourse, eds. WodakRuthKhosraviNikMajidMralBrigitte, London: Bloomsbury, 2013, 23.
