Research on charismatic leadership in organizations has been sparse and remains inconclusive. In particular, a more systematic approach to differentiate types of charismatic leadership is needed. In this paper, we call for a research agenda focusing on the subjective and affective relationship established in the dyad leader-follower. We argue that the self psychology model is particularly suited for addressing this research agenda, propose a typology of charismatic leader ship with positive and negative outcomes, and suggest directions for future research.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
American Psychiatric Association1980Diagnosis and statistical manual of mental disorders, 3rd ed. Washington DC.: American Psychiatric Association.
2.
Barnes, L.B., and M.P. Kriger1986 'The hidden side of organizational leadership'. Sloan Management Review28: 15-26.
3.
Bass, B.M.1981Stodgill's handbook of leadership. New York: The Free Press.
4.
Bass, B.M.1985Leadership and performance beyond expectations. New York: Free Press.
5.
Bass, B.M.1988'Evolving perspectives on charismatic leadership' in Charismatic leadership. The elusive factor in organizational effectiveness. J. A. Conger and R. N. Kanungo (eds.), 40-77. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
6.
Berger, P.L.1963 'Charisma and religious innovation: The social location of Israelite prophecy'. American Sociological Review28: 940-950.
7.
Bennis, W.G., and B. Nanus1985Leaders: The strategies for taking charge. Cambridge, Mass.: Harper and Row.
8.
Bennis, W. 1089 Why leaders can't lead. The Unconscious conspiracy continues. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
9.
Becker, E.1973The denial of death. New York: The Free Press.
10.
Bianco, A.1987 'The decline of superstars'. Business Week (August 17): 90-98.
11.
Blau, P.1963 'Critical remarks on Weber's theory of authority'. American Political Science Review57: 305-325.
12.
Boal, K.B., and J.M. Bryson1987'Charismatic leadership: A phenomenological and structural approach' in Emerging leadership vista. J. G. Hunt (ed.), 20-37. Boston, Mass.: Lexington .
13.
Bradley, R.T.1987Charisma and social structure. A study of love and power, wholeness and transformation. New York: Paragon House.
14.
Chinoy, E.1961Society. New York: Random House.
15.
Conger, J.A., and R.N. Kanungo1987 'Toward a behavioral theory of charismatic leadership in organizational settings'. Academy of Management Review12: 637-647.
16.
Conger, J. A., and R. N. Kanungo, editors 1988Charismatic leadership. The elusive factor in organizational effectiveness. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
17.
Conger, J.A.1990'The dark side of leadership'. Organizational Dynamics (Autumn): 44-55.
18.
Detrick, D.W., and S.P. Detrick1989Self psychology. Comparisons and contrasts. Hillsdale, NJ.: The Analytic Press.
19.
Devereux, G.1955'Charismatic leadership and crisis' in Psychoanalysis and the social sciences , Vol. 4. W. Muensterberger and S. Axelrod (eds.), 145-157. New York: International University Press.
20.
Downtown, J.V. Jr.1973Rebel leadership. New York: Free Press.
21.
Erikson, E.H.1958Young man Luther. New York: Norton .
22.
Erikson, E.H.1969Gandhi's truth: On the origins of militant nonviolence . New York: Norton.
23.
Fitzgerald, F.1986Cities on a hill. New York: Simon and Schuster.
24.
Freud, S.1912The dynamics of transference, Standard edition. London: Hogart Press.
25.
Freud, S.1921Group psychology and the analysis of the ego. Standard edition. London: Hogart Press.
26.
Friedland, W.H.1964 'For a sociological concept of charisma'. Social Forces43: 18-26.
27.
Galanter, M.1982 'Charismatic religious sects and psychiatry: An overview '. American Journal of Psychiatry139: 1539-1548.
28.
Gibbons, T.C.1986 'Revisiting the question of born Vs. made: Toward a theory of developmental and transformational leaders'. Unpublished doctoral dissertation , The Fielding Institute, Santa Barbara, CA.
29.
Goldberg, A.1983The future of psychoanalysis. Essays in honor of Heinz Kohut. New York: International University Press.
30.
House, R.J., J. Woycke, and E.M. Fodor1988'Charismatic and noncharismatic leaders: Difference in behavior and effectiveness' in Charismatic leadership. The elusive factor in organizational effectiveness. J. A. Conger and R. N. Kanungo (eds.), 98-121. San Francisco, CA.: Jossey-Bass.
31.
Howell, J.M.1988'Two faces of charisma: Socialized and personalized leadership in organizations' in Charismatic leadership. The elusive factor in organizational effectiveness. J. A. Conger and R. N. Kanungo (eds.), 122-160. San Francisco, CA.: Jossey-Bass.
32.
Hummel, R.P.1975 'Psychology of charismatic followers'. Psychological Reports37: 759-770.
33.
Johnson, D.P.1979 'Dilemmas of charismatic leadership: The case of the people's temple'. Sociological Analysis40: 315-323.
34.
Kahn, E.1989'Carl Rogers and Heinz Kohut. On the importance of valuing the self', in Self psychology. Comparisons and contrasts. D. W. Detrick, and S. P. Detrick (eds.), 213-230. Hillsdale, NJ: The Analytic Press.
35.
Kets de Vries, M.F.K.1988'Origins of charisma: Ties that bind the leader and the led' in Charismatic leadership. The elusive factor in organizational effectiveness . J. A. Conger and R. N. Kanungo (eds.), 237-252. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
36.
Kets deVries, M.F.K.1989 'Leaders who self-destruct: The causes and cures'. Organization Dynamics (Spring): 5-17.
37.
Kets de Vries, M.F.K., and D. Miller1985a The neurotic organizationSan Francisco : Jossey-Bass.
38.
Kets de Vries, M.F.K., and D. Miller1985b 'Narcissism and leadership: An object relations perspective' . Human Relations33: 583-601.
39.
Kernberg, O.F.1979 'Regression in organizational leadership'. Psychiatry42: 24-39.
40.
Kernberg, O.F.1984Severe personality disorders. New Haven, CT.: Yale University Press.
41.
Kohut, H.1959 'Introspection, empathy, and psychoanalysis'. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association7: 459-483.
42.
Kohut, H.1971The analysis of the self: A systematic approach to the psychoanalytic treatment of narcissistic disorders. New York: International University Press.
43.
Kohut, H.1977The restoration of self. New York: International University Press.
44.
Kohut, H.1984How does analysis cure?, (edited by A. Goldberg).Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
45.
Kohut, H.1985Self-psychology and the humanities. Reflections on a new psychoanalytic approach, (edited by C. B. Strozier).New York: W. W. Norton .
46.
Kohut, H., and E.S. Wolf1978 'The disorders of the self and their treatment: An outline '. International Journal of Psychoanalysis59: 413-425.
47.
Lapierre, L.1988 'Puissance, leadership et gestion'. Gestion13: 39-49.
48.
Lasch, D.1979The culture of narcissism. American life in the age of diminishing expectations. New York: Warner Books.
49.
Mahler, M.S., F. Pine, and A. Bergman1975The psychological birth of the human infant: Symbiosis and individuation. New York: Basic Books.
50.
McGregor Burns, J.M.1978Leadership. New York: Harper and Row.
51.
Mitroff, F.I., and T.C. Pauchant1990We're so big and powerful that nothing can happen to us. An investigation of America's crisis-prone corporationsNew York: Carol Publishing.
52.
Paul, H.A.1989'Karen Horney's theory of the self in Self psychology. Comparisons and contrasts. D. W. Detrick and S.P. Detrick (eds.), 111-130. Hillsdale, NJ: The Analytic Press.
53.
Pauchant, T.C.1988 'Crisis management and narcissism. A Kohutian perspective'. Unpublished dissertation. University of Southern California . Graduate School of Business Administration, Los Angeles, CA.
54.
Pauchant, T.C.1990'La psychologie du self, l'expérience et la vie en entreprise' in L'individu dans l'organisation. Les dimensions oubliées. J-F. Chanlat (ed.), 311-335. Quebec, Québec: Presses de l'Université Laval/Edition Eska , Paris.
55.
Pauchant, T.C.1991'In search of existence. On the use of the existential tradition in management' in Advances in organizational development, Vol. 2. F. Massarik (ed.), in press. Nor-wood, NJ: Ablex.
56.
Pauchant, T.C., and C. Dumas1991'Abraham Maslow and Heinz Kohut. A comparison'. Journal of Humanistic Psychology31/2: 49-71.
57.
Pauchant, T.C., and I.I. Mitroff1988 'Crisis prove versus crisis avoiding organizations'. Industrial Crisis Quarterly2: 53-63.
58.
Pauchant, T.C., and I.I. Mitroff1992The crisis-prone organization. Diagnostic and intervention, in pressSan Francisco, CA.: Jossey-Bass .
59.
Roberts, N.1985 'Transforming leadership: A process of collective action '. Human Relations38: 1023-1046.
60.
Roberts, N.C., and R.T. Bradley1988Charismatic leadership. The elusive factor in organizational effectiveness. J. A. Conger and R. N. Kanungo (eds.), 253-275. San Francisco, CA.: Jossey-Bass.
61.
Robbins, S.B., and M.J. Patton1985 'Self-psychology and career development. Construction of the superiority and goal instability scales'. Journal of Counselling Psychology32: 221-231.
62.
Rogers, C.1980A way of being. Boston: Houghton Miffling.
63.
Rorschach, H.1942Psychodiagnostics. A diagnostic test based on perception . (Transl. P. Lemkau and B. Kronenburg). Berne: Huber.
64.
Schein, E.H.1987The clinical perspective in fieldwork. Sage University Paper on Qualitative Research Methods Series, 5. Beverly Hills, CA.: Sage.
65.
Schwaber, E. A., editor 1985The transference in psychotherapy: Clinical Management. New York: International University Press.
66.
Stem, D.1985The interpersonal world of the infant. New York: International University Press.
67.
Stolorow, R.D., and G.E. Atwood1984 'Psychoanalytic phenomenology: Toward a science of human experience'. Psychoanalytic Inquiry4: 87-105.
68.
Stodgill, R.M.1974Handbook of leadership. A survey of theory and research . New York: The Free Press.
69.
Tichy, N.M., and M.A. Devana1986The transformational leader. New York : Wiley.
70.
Weber, M.1947The theory of social and economic organizations, (edited by T.Parsons). New York: Free Press.
71.
Willner, A.R.1984The spellbinders: Charismatic political leadership. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
72.
Yulk, G.A.1981Leadership in organizations. Englewood-Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
73.
Zaleznik, A.1974 'Charismatic and consensus leaders: A psychological comparison '. Bulletin of the Meninger Clinic32: 222-238.
74.
Zaleznik, A.1989The managerial mystique. Restoring leadership in business . New York: Harper and Row.
75.
Zaleznik, A., and M.F.R. Kets de Vries1975Power and the corporate mindBoston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin .
