Using data from personal interviews, non-participant observations, and alterna tive sources, the Philippine Agrarian Reform Program (ARP) is characterized. An organizational learning model is used to describe and analyze the policy- making and implementation processes as the program progressed under condi tions of martial law. As a result of martial law, decision-making was fragmented. The President unilaterally made decisions with input from close advisors who largely acted on the basis of intuition.. Comprehensive analysis of the Philippine ARP revealed that the program was the victim of incomplete learning. Govern mental decision-making was characterized by Audience Learning, Superstitious Learning, Learning Under Ambiguity and Role-Constrained Learning.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Adif, A.D., and L. Pate1982. 'Organization growth and learning: A reexamination of the Brontosaurus Principle' in Proceedings of the American Institute for Decision Sciences, Vol. 2. G. P. White (ed.), 65-67. Atlanta, Ga.: American Institute for Decision Sciences.
2.
Arcega, Victoria M.1976 'Technocrats in the Philippine Rice Program: Middlemen in Masagana 99'. Philippine Journal of Public Administration20/2: 123-138.
3.
Argyris, C., and D.A. Schon1978Organization learning: A theory of action perspective . Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley .
4.
Argyris, C., and D. Schon1981Organizational learning. Reading, Mass. : Addison-Wesley.
5.
Asian Development Bank1978Rural-challenge and opportunity. New York: Praeger .
6.
Bauzon, L.E.1975Philippine agrarian reform 1880-1965: The revolution that never was. (Occasional Paper No. 31). Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
7.
Bedeian, A.G.1984Organizations: theory and analysis. New York: Dryden Press.
8.
Blau, P.M.1969 'Objectives of sociology' in A design for sociology . R. Bierstedt (ed.), 43-71. Philadelphia : American Academy of Political and Social Science .
9.
Clark, B.R.1972 'The organizational saga in higher education'. Administrative Science Quarterly17: 178-184.
10.
Cohen, A.1974Two-dimensional man. Berkeley : University of California Press.
11.
Cyert, R.M., and J.G. March.1963A behavioural theory of the firm. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.
12.
Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR) 1978 1977 Annual Report. Quezon City, Philippines: Public Information Division, DAR.
13.
Dill, W.R.1962 'The impact of environment on organizational development ' in Concepts and issues in administrative behavior. S. Mailick and E. H. Van Ness (eds.). Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.
14.
Dill, W.R.1958 'Environment as an influence on managerial autonomy '. Administrative Science Quarterly2: 410.
15.
Duncan, R., and A. Weis1979 'Organizational learning: implications for organizational design'. Research in Organizational Behavior1: 75-123.
16.
Food and Agriculture Organization, United Nations1979Review and analysis of agrarian reform and rural development in the developing countries since the mid 1960's. Rome : Food and Agriculture Organizations.
17.
Guzman, Raul P. de, et al. 1977 'Citizen participation and decision-making under martial law administration: a search for a viable political system' . Philippine Journal of Public Administration21/1: 1-9.
18.
Harbison, F.H., and C.A. Meyers1959Management in the industrial world. New York: McGraw-Hill.
19.
Hedberg, B.1981 'How organizations learn and unlearn' in Handbook of organizational design. P. C. Nystrom and W. H. Starbuck (eds.), 3-27. London : Oxford University Press.
20.
Hedberg, Bo L. T., and S.A. Jonsson1977 'Strategy formulation as a discontinuous process '. International Studies of Management and Organization7: 89-109.
21.
Hedberg, Bo L. T., and E. Mumford1975 'The design of computer systems: man's vision of man as an integral part of the systems design process' in Human choice and computers . E. Mumford and H. Sackman (eds.), 31-59. Amsterdam: North-Holland .
22.
International Labor Office (ILO)1974Sharing in development — a program of employment, equity, and growth for the Philippines. Geneva: ILO .
23.
Johnson, Glenn L.1977 'Philosophic foundations: problems, knowledge and solutions '. European Review of Agricultural Economics3/2-3: 226.
24.
Johnson, Glenn L., and George E. Rossmiller1978 'Improving agricultural decision-making: a conceptual framework' in Agricultural sector planning - a system simulation approach. George E. Rossmiller (ed.), 23-51. East Lansing, Michigan: Agricultural Sector Analysis and Simulation Projects, Department of Agricultural Economics, Michigan State University.
25.
Jonsson, S.A., and R.A. Lundin1977 'Myths and wishful thinking as management tools' in Prescription models of organizations. P. C. Nystrom and W. H. Starbuck (eds.), 157-170. Amsterdam : North-Holland.
26.
Kerkvliet, B.J.1974 'Land reform in the Philippines since the Marcos coup'. Pacific Affairs47/3: 286-304.
27.
Land Tenure Center1977 'Transformation of small holder agriculture' in Proceedings: Part Two. International seminar: 'Agrarian Reform, Institutional Innovation, and Rural Development - Major Issues in Perspective'. Land Tenure Center Newsletter57: 4-6. University of Wisconsin, Madison: Land Tenure Center.
28.
Lawrence, P.R., and J.W. Lorsch1967Organization and environment: managing differentiation and integration. Boston, Mass.: Division of Research, Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University.
29.
Ledesma, A.J.1978 'Rice farmers and landless rural workers: perspectives from the household level'. Department of Agricultural Economics Paper No. 78-19. Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines: International Rice Research Institute .
30.
Mangahas, M., V.A. Miralao, and R.P. de los Reyes1976Tenants, lessees, owners: welfare implications of tenure change. Institute of Philippine Culture and Institute of Economic Development and Research, Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press.
31.
March, J.G., and J.P. Olsen1975 'The uncertainty of the past: organizational learning under ambiguity'. European Journal of Political Research3: 147-158.
32.
March, J.G., and J.P. Olsen1976Ambiguity and choice in organizations. Bergen: Universitetsforlaget.
33.
McLennan, M.S.1973 'Land tenure patterns in the Philippines, their origins and evolution'. Solidarity8/5.
34.
Miller, D., and P. Friesen1980 'Archetypes of organizational transition'. Administrative Science Quarterly25: 268-269.
35.
Ministry of Agrarian Reform (MAR) 1978 Country review and workshop on Agrarian Reform Program implementation (October 2-13). Diliman, Quezon City, Metro-Manila: Ministry of Agrarian Reform.
36.
Mitroff, I.I., and R.H. Kilmann1976 'On organization stories: an approach to the design and analysis of organizations through myths and stories' in The management of organization design, Vol. I. R. H. Kilmann, L. R. Pondy , and D. P. Slevin (eds.), 189-207. New York: Elsevier North-Holland.
37.
Montano, Carl B.1982Philippine Agrarian Reform Policy decision-making under Martial Law: analysis of a public information system in a feedback control system framework. Unpublished PhD dissertation. Department of Agricultural Economics: Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan.
38.
Montano, Carl B., and Lynn Godkin1984 'Public policy and information systems: agrarian reform under martial law in the Philippines'. International Journal on Policy and Information8/2: 25-39.
39.
Murray, F.J., Jr.1972 'Land reform in the Philippines: an overview'. Philippine Sociological Review20/1-2: 151-168.
40.
Nonaka, I., and J.K. Johansson1985 'Japanese management: what about the "hard" skills? ' Academy of Management Review10/2: 181-191.
41.
Nonaka, I., and F.M. Nicosia1979 'Marketing management its environment and information processing: a problem of organizational design'. Journal of Business Research7: 277-300.
42.
Nystrom, P.C., Bo L.T. Hedberg, and W.H. Starbuck1976 'Interacting processes as organization designs' in The management of organizational design, Vol. I. R. H. Kilmann, L. R. Pondy , and D. P. Selvin (eds.), 209-230. New York: Elsevier North-Holland.
43.
Overholt, W.H.1976 'Land reform in the Philippines'. Asian Survey16/5: 427-451.
44.
Pelzer, K.J.1948Pioneer settlement in the Asiatic Tropics. New York: American Geographical Society .
45.
Pilot Project Systems and Procedures Committee (PPSPC) 1977 'Operation Land Transfer'. Operation Land Transfer Procedures Manual.
46.
Quinn, J.B.1981 'Formulating strategy one step at a time'. Journal of Business Strategy1 (Winter): 42-63.
Reyes, B. M. de los1972 'Can land reform succeed?' Philippine Sociological Review20/1-2: 79-92.
49.
Ruttan, V.W.1966 'Tenure and productivity of Philippine rice producing farms '. Philippine Economic Journal5/1: 42-63.
50.
Schendel, D.E., G.R. Patteon, and J. Riggs1976 'Corporate turnaround strategies: a study of profit decline and recovery'. Journal of General Management5/1: 3-11.
51.
Schmid, A.A.1978Property, power, and public choice - an inquiry into law and economics. New York: Praeger .
52.
Schon, D.A.1975 'Deutero-learning in organizations: learning for increased effectiveness'. Organizational Dynamics4/1: 2-16.
53.
Shen, S.1966 'Land taxation as related to the Land Reform Program in Taiwan' in International seminar on land taxation, land tenure, and land reform in developing countries. A. M. Woodruff , J. R. Brown, and S. Lin (eds.). Hartford, Conn.: John C. Lincoln Institute, The University of Hartford .
54.
Simon, H.A.1957Administrative behavior, 2nd ed. New York: Macmillan.
55.
Starbuck, W.H.1976 'Organizations and their environments' in Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology. M. D. Dunnette (ed.), 1069-1123. Chicago: Rand McNally .
56.
Starner, F.L.1961Magsaysay and the Philippine peasantry: the agrarian impact on Philippine politics, 1953-1956. Berkeley, California : University of California Press.
57.
Staw, B.1977 'The experimenting organization: problems and prospects' in Psychological foundations of organization behavior. B. Staw (ed.), 466-486. Glenview, Ill.: Scott and Foresman.
58.
Thompson, A.A., and A.J. Strickland1984Strategic management: concepts and cases. Piano, Texas: Business Publications, Inc.
59.
Weick, K.E.1969The social psychology of organizing. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley.
60.
World Bank ' 1975The assault on world poverty: problems of rural development, education and health. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
