This study examines agricultural mechanization in Indonesia, Vietnam, and the Philippines to draw comparative lessons for inclusive and sustainable pathways in Southeast Asia. Using a desk-based qualitative approach, it reviews the countries’ mechanization progress while highlighting persistent constraints such as the high cost of machinery, postharvest gaps, fragmented landholdings, and gendered barriers. Innovative approaches like mechanization service providers and credit schemes show promise but are hindered by weak service delivery systems and underinvestment in research and development. The analysis reveals that achieving sustainable agricultural mechanization requires more than technology adoption. Sustainable mechanization demands a systemic transformation anchored in inclusive innovation, coordinated policymaking, and enabling institutions. Without these foundations, mechanization risks reinforcing existing inequalities in rural areas. The article concludes with policy directions to accelerate inclusive and sustainable mechanization, offering comparative insights relevant not only to the case countries but also to other Southeast Asian contexts.
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