It is accepted that working from an early age causes physical, moral and psychological trauma for the children and loss of childhood. This article contends that apart from working children, those out of school but not working constitute a reserve army of child workers and policies must focus on them as well. Incidence of schooling, work and the reserve army in India has been examined and factors determining such decisions have been identified using a Multinomial Logit Model. Economic condition, Parental education, Social class, and Gender of the child emerge as important determinants. Focused and collaborative policies are necessary to reach goals of universal schooling.
AddisonT.BhalotraS.CoulterF.HeadyC. (1997). Child labour in Pakistan and Ghana: A comparative study. UK: Centre for Development Studies, University of Bath.
2.
AnkerRichard (2000). Conceptual and research frameworks for the economics of child labour and its elimination. Working Paper, ILO, International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour, Geneva.
3.
AshagrieK. (1993). Statistics on child labour. Bulletin of Labour Statistics, (3), 11–24.
4.
BasuKaushik (1999). The economics and law of sexual harassment in the workplace. Journal of Economic Perspective, 17(3), Summer, 141–157.
5.
BasuKaushikVanPham Hoang (1998). The economics of child labor. American Economic Review, 88(3), September, 412–427.
6.
BeegleKathleenDehejiaRajeevGattiRoberta (2003a). Why should we care about child labor? The education, labor market, and health consequences of child labor. Policy ResearchWorking Paper Series 3479, The World Bank.
7.
BeegleKathleenDehejiaRajeevGattiRoberta (2003b). Child labor, income shocks, and access to credit. World Bank Policy ResearchWorking Paper No. 3075. Retrieved October 28, 2008, from ssrn.com/abstract=636437
8.
BehrmanJ. (1997). Intrahousehold distribution and the family. In RosenzweigA.D.StarkO. (Eds), Handbook of population and family economics (pp. 125–187). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
9.
BhalotraSonia R.HeadyChris (2000). Child farm labour: Theory and evidence. STICERD – Development Economics Papers (from 2008 this series has been superseded by Economic Organisation and Public Policy Discussion Papers 24), STICERD, LSE.
10.
BhalotraSoniaHeadyChristopher (2003). Child farm labor: The wealth paradox. World Bank Economic Review, 17(2), 197–227.
11.
BourguignonFrançoisFerreiraFrancisco H.G.LattePhillippe G. (2003). Conditional cash transfers, schooling, and child labor: Micro-simulating Brazil’s Bolsa Escola Program. World Bank Economic Review, 17(2), 229–254.
12.
BurraNeera (1995). Born to work: Child labour in India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
13.
ChandrasekharC.P. (1997). The economic consequences of the abolition of child labour: An Indian case study. Journal of Peasant Studies, 24(3), 137–179.
14.
ChaudhuriD.P.WilsonE.J. (2000). The challenge of child labour in rural India: A multi-dimensional problem in need of an orchestrated response. University of WoolongongWorking Paper, No. 2000-2, Australia.
15.
CignoA.RosatiF. (2000). Why do Indian children work and is it bad for them?IZA Discussion Paper No. 115, February, IZA, Bonn.
16.
EdmondsEric V. (2004a). Does illiquidity alter child labor and schooling decisions? Evidence from household responses to anticipated cash transfers in South Africa. NBER Working Paper No. 10265.
17.
EdmondsEric V. (2004b). Household composition and the response of child labor supply to product market integration: Evidence from Vietnam. Policy Research Working Paper Series 3235, The World Bank.
18.
GalliRosanna (2001). The economic impact of child labour. Decent Work Research Programme Discussion Paper DP/128, ILO, International Institute of Labour Studies, Geneva, p. 32.
19.
GoldinClaudiaKatzLawrence (2003). Mass secondary schooling and the state: The role of state compulsion in the high school movement. NBER Working Paper No. 10075.
20.
GrootaertChristiaanPatrinosHarry Anthony (1999). The policy analysis of child labor: A comparative study. Washington, DC: World Bank.
21.
ILO (2002). Every child counts: New global estimates on child labour. Geneva: ILO.
22.
JafareySaqibLahiriSajal (2002). Will trade sanctions reduce child labour? The role of credit markets. Journal of Development Economics, 68(1), 137–156.
23.
KhanamRasheda (2006). Child labour and school attendance: Evidence from Bangladesh. MPRA Paper No. 6990. Retrieved May 5, 2009, from http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/6990
MajumdarManabi (2001). Child labour as a human security problem: Evidence from India. Oxford Development Studies, 29(3), 279–304.
26.
MishraLakshmidhar (2000). Child labour in India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
27.
NSSO (1996). Unit Level Records on Sixth Quinquennial Survey on Employment and Unemployment in India, 1993–1994, NSS 50th Round, July 1993 to June 1994, National Sample Survey Organisation, Government of India.
28.
NSSO (2000). Unit Level Records on Sixth Quinquennial Survey on Employment and Unemployment in India, 1999–2000, NSS 55th Round, July 1999 to June 2000, National Sample Survey Organisation, Government of India.
29.
NSSO (2006). Unit Level Records on Seventh Quinquennial Survey on Employment and Unemployment in India, 2004–05, NSS 61st Round, July 2004 to June 2005, National Sample Survey Organisation, Government of India.
30.
RammohanAnu (2000). The interaction of child labour and schooling in developing countries: A theoretical perspective. Journal of Economic Development, 25(2), 85–92.
31.
RavallionMartinWodonQuentin (2000). Does child labour displace schooling? Evidence on behavioural responses to an enrolment subsidy. Economic Journal, (110), 158–175.
32.
RayRanjan (2000a). Analysis of child labour in Peru and Pakistan: A comparative study. Journal of Population Economics, 13(1), 3–19.
33.
RayRanjan (2000b). Child labour and child schooling in Ghana. Working Paper 2000-5, University of Tasmania, February.
34.
RayRanjan (2000c). How does child labour and schooling interact with adult labour? Policy Research Paper No. 2179, World Bank, Washington, DC. Retrieved October 25, 2008, from www.worldbank.org
35.
ReddyNandana (2000). The right to organize: The working children’s movement in India. Cultural Survival Quarterly, 24(2). Retrieved October 26, 2008, from www.cs.org/newpage/index.cfm
36.
RosatiFurioDebPartha (2002). Determinants of child labor and school attendance: The role of household unobservables. Florence: UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre.
37.
WeinerM. (1991). The child and the state in India. Child labour and education policy in comparative perspective. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
