Digital curation is a relatively new area that has sparked a lot of interest in recent years. This new field requires a wide range of resources to develop technological infrastructure and to train library staff to overcome challenges regarding digital curation services. The aim of this systematic review is to provide a better and more in-depth understanding of digital curation in academic libraries. This research followed a systematic literature review (SLR) protocol to properly organise the work related to digital curation and included publications from five world-renowned databases (Scopus; Web of Science; Science Direct; Library and Information Science Abstracts; and Library, Information Science and Technology Abstracts). The libraries used digital curation services (DCS) for the preservation and access of digital information to develop institutional repositories, digital libraries, research data management and digital reference services. This study identified various aspects of DCS in academic libraries, including required skills and competence, policies, techniques, and strategies, education and training, metadata standards, and technological infrastructure. To adopt DCS, libraries faced several challenges, such as the absence of policy, a lack of skilled staff, a shortage of financial resources and inadequate technological infrastructure. Various challenges identified as well as the critical adoption factors would provide valuable insights to library professionals for the adoption of DCS in academic libraries.
IrenoaKO.The role of digital curation in enhancing scholarly research visibility. Glob Rev Libr Inf Sci2020; 16(1): 58–65.
2.
Hudson-VitaleCCarlsonJRHadleyH, et al. Introduction to the special JeSLIB issue on data curation in practice. J Escience Librariansh2021; 10(3): 13.
3.
FengYRichardsL.A review of digital curation professional competencies: theory and current practices. Records Manag J2018; 28(1): 62–78.
4.
BénardFBelB. Digital curation: the SLDR experience. In: Tools and Resources for the Analysis of Speech Prosody (TRASP), August 30, 2013, pp. 1–6. Laboratoire Parole et Langage.
SabharwalA.Functional frameworks for socialized digital curation: curatorial interventions and curation spaces in archives and libraries. Libr Trends2021; 69(3): 672–695.
7.
PooleAH.The conceptual landscape of digital curation. J Doc2016; 72(5): 961–986.
8.
CherrstromCABodenCJ.Expanding role and potential of curation in education: a systematic review of the literature. Ref Libr2020; 61(2): 113–132.
9.
PooleAH.How has your science data grown? Digital curation and the human factor: a critical literature review. Arch Sci2015; 15: 101–139.
10.
MeleroRNavarro-MolinaC.Researchers’ attitudes and perceptions towards data sharing and data reuse in the field of food science and technology. Learn Publ2020; 33(2): 163–179.
NeurothHStrathmannSOßwaldA, et al. Digital curation of research data. Experiences of a Baseline Study in Germany. Universitätsverlag Göttingen, 2013.
13.
KitchenhamB.Procedures for performing systematic reviews. Keele: Keele University, 2004, pp. 1–26.
14.
WohlinC.Guidelines for snowballing in systematic literature studies and a replication in software engineering. In: Proceedings of the 18th international conference on evaluation and assessment in software engineering, 13 May 2024, pp. 1–10. New York, NY, USA.
15.
KitchenhamBBreretonP.A systematic review of systematic review process research in software engineering. Inf Softw Technol2013; 55: 2049–2075.
16.
AnyaokuENEchedomAUNBaroEE.Digital preservation practices in university libraries: an investigation of institutional repositories in Africa. Digit Libr Perspect2019; 35(1): 41–64.
17.
HigginsS.Digital curation: the development of a discipline within information science. J Doc2018; 74(6): 1318–1338.
18.
LiYBanachM.Institutional repositories and digital preservation: assessing current practices at research libraries. D-Lib Mag2011; 17(5/6): 1–13.
19.
MasenyaTMNgulubeP.Digital preservation practices in academic libraries in South Africa in the wake of the digital revolution. South Afr J Inf Manag2019; 21(1): 1–9.
20.
MatlalaE.Long-term preservation of digital records at the University of KwaZulu-Natal archives. J South Afr Soc Archivists2019; 52(1): 95–109.
21.
TripathiMShuklaASonkarSK.Research data management practices in university libraries: a study. DESIDOC J Libr Inf Technol2017; 37(6): 417–424.
YakelEConwayPHedstromM, et al. Digital curation for digital natives. J Educ Libr Inf Sci2011; 52(1): 23–31.
24.
OrabiMMouhebDAl AghbariZ, et al. Detection of bots in social media: a systematic review. Inf Process Manag2020; 57(4): 102250.
25.
BraunV.Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qual Res Psychol2006; 3: 77–101.
26.
PostC. The art of digital curation: co-operative Stewardship of net-based art. Archivaria2021(92): 6–47.
27.
LouWSuZHeJ, et al. A temporally dynamic examination of research method usage in the Chinese library and information science community. Inf Process Manag2021; 58(5): 102686.
28.
CoxAMPinfieldS.Research data management and libraries: current activities and future priorities. J Librariansh Inf Sci2014; 46(4): 299–316.
29.
KimJWargaEMoenW.Competencies required for digital curation: an analysis of job advertisements. Int J Digit Curation2013; 8(1): 66–83.
30.
GengenbachM.The way we do it here: mapping digital forensics workflows in collecting institutions. PhD Dissertation, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 2012. https://doi.org/10.17615/2x9g-7e66
31.
SummersEPunzalanR.Bots, seeds and people: web archives as infrastructure. In: Proceedings of the 2017 ACM conference on computer supported cooperative work and social computing, Portland, OR, 25 February–1 March 2017, pp. 821–834. New York: ACM.
32.
TammaroAMMadridMCasarosaV.Digital curators’ education: professional identity vs. convergence of LAM (Libraries, Archives, Museums). In: 8th Italian research conference on digital libraries and archives (IRCDL2012), 9–10 February 2012, Bari, pp. 184–194. Berlin: Springer.
33.
KhanSABhattiR.Digital competencies for developing and managing digital libraries: an investigation from university librarians in Pakistan. Electron Libr2017; 35(3): 573–597.
34.
AbbottD.Digital curation and doctoral research. Int J Digit Curation2015; 10(1): 1–17.
35.
TammaroAMMatusiakKKSpositoFA, et al. Data curator’s roles and responsibilities: an international perspective. Libri2019; 69(2): 89–104.
36.
AwamlehMAHamadF.Digital preservation of information sources at academic libraries in Jordan: an employee’s perspective. Libr Manag2022; 43: 172–191.
KavisheGFDulleF.Preservation skills and strategies of electronic information resources in digital era: case of University of Kwazulu-Natal libraries. Libr Philos Pract2016; 1451: 1–15.
39.
MadridMM.A study of digital curator competences: a survey of experts. Int Inf Libr Rev2013; 45(3-4): 149–156.
40.
ManuTRGalaB.Data curation activities in research data repositories: best practices. J Adv Res Libr Inf Sci 2021; 8(1): 16–24.
41.
MatlalaMENcubeTRParbanathS.The state of digital records preservation in South Africa’s public sector in the 21st century: a literature review. Records Manag J2022; 32(2): 198–212.
42.
NdhlovuP.The state of preparedness for digital curation and preservation: a case study of a developing country academic library. IASSIST Q2018; 42(3): 1–22.
43.
PostCChassanoffALeeC, et al. Digital curation at work: modeling workflows for digital archival materials. In: 2019 ACM/IEEE joint conference on digital libraries (JCDL), Champaign, IL, 2–6 June 2019, pp. 39–48. New York: IEEE.
44.
SinghRKBhartiSMandalliDP.Evaluation of research data management (RDM) services in academic libraries of India: a triangulation approach. J Acad Librariansh2022; 48(6): 1–13.
45.
TammaroAMMadridM.A study of digital curator competencies: a Delphi study. In: International conference on theory and practice of digital libraries, TPDL 2013, Valletta, 22–26 September 2013, pp. 358–361. Berlin: Springer.
46.
JohnstonLJeffryesJ.Data management skills needed by structural engineering students: case study at the University of Minnesota. J Prof Issues Eng Educ Pract2014; 140(2): 05013002.
47.
KimJWargaEMoenW.Digital curation in the academic library job market. Proc Am Soc Inf Sci Technol2012; 49(1): 1–4.
48.
IordanidisM.Preservation Policies für Sparten- und institutionsübergreifende digitale Langzeitarchivierung. Master Thesis, PubLIS Cologne, Köln, 2015.
49.
Nestor Arbeitsgruppe Policy. Guidelines for the creation of an institutional policy on digital preservation. Nestor-materials 18. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0008-2014111006 (2014, accessed 14September2023).
50.
AnilkumarN.Research data management in India: a pilot study. EPJ Web Conf2018; 186: 03002.
51.
AdjeiEMensahMAmoafulE.The story so far-digital preservation in institutional repositories: the case of academic libraries in Ghana. Digit Libr Perspect2019; 35(2): 80–96.
52.
AydinogluAUDoganGTaskinZ.Research data management in Turkey: perceptions and practices. Libr Hi Tech2017; 35(2): 271–289.
53.
BoamahEDornerDGOliverG.Using theory to understand digital preservation management in Ghana. Preserv Digit Technol Cult2015; 44(2): 46–61.
54.
FridayJEEzeME.Digital preservation of electronic theses and dissertations in public university libraries in South-East Nigeria. Libr Philos Pract2021; 1–21.
55.
GowenEMeierJJ.Research data management services and strategic planning in libraries today: a longitudinal study. J Librariansh Scholarly Commun2020; 8(1): eP2336.
56.
IdiedoVOOmigieCAEbhomeyeL.A survey of open access institutional repositories in Nigerian university libraries: the current state. Int J Knowl Content Dev Technol2024; 14: 53–73.
57.
KariKHBaroEE.Digital preservation practices in university libraries: a survey of institutional repositories in Nigeria. Preserv Digit Technol Cult2016; 45(3): 134–144.
MubofuCMamboHSamzugiA.Academic libraries and information resources preservation strategies: past, present and the way forward. Covenant J Libr Inf Sci2020; 3(1): 1–11.
60.
MwalubandaJM.The development of institutional repositories in East Africa countries: a comparative analysis of Tanzania, Kenya, and Uganda. IASSIST Q2021; 45(3–4): 1–12.
61.
NdegwaHBosireEOderoD.The status of the digital preservation policies and plans of the institutional repositories of selected public universities in Kenya. Insights2022; 35(21): 1–13.
62.
PirachaHAAmeenK.Policy and planning of research data management in university libraries of Pakistan. Collect Curation2019; 38(2): 39–44.
63.
RafiqMAmeenK.Digitization in university libraries of Pakistan. OCLC Syst Serv2013; 29(1): 37–46.
ZarnitzMBährTArningU.Ten years of strategic collaboration of libraries in digital preservation. LIBER Q2019; 29(1): 1–22.
66.
CorujoLDa SilvaCGRevezJ.Digital curation and costs: approaches and perceptions. In: Proceedings of the fourth international conference on technological ecosystems for enhancing multiculturality, 2016, Nov 2, pp. 277–284. New York: ACM.
67.
IdreesHAhmadR.Digital preservation: issues and possible solutions. Adv Humanities Soc Sci2017; 2: 1–7.
68.
KoltayT.Data curation in academic libraries as part of the digital revolution. Zagadn Inform Nauk, 2019; 57(1A(113A)): 28–36.
69.
UsiedoBAKaluCONworieJC, et al. Preservation and conservation of library resources in Nigerian libraries: a review. Commun J Libr Inf Sci2022; 24(2): 1–16.
70.
ArianiR.Data curation: a concept for an evaluation of research data performances. Proc Int Conf Doc Inf2019; 2: 12–20.
71.
EbhonuSIOmosekejimiAFDadaGA.Digital resources management: a panacea for digital information service delivery in Nigerian academic libraries. Reg J Inf Knowl Manag2021; 6(1): 42–59.
72.
FridayJEEzeME.Strategies for overcoming challenges in digital preservation of electronic theses and dissertations in public university libraries in South-East Nigeria. Libr Philos Pract2022; 1–25.
73.
KirchhoffAJ.Digital preservation: challenges and implementation. Learn Publ2008; 21(4): 285–294.
74.
KumarK.Analytical survey on digital preservation and techniques among engineering education institutional libraries in Rayalaseema Region of Andhra Pradesh. Libr Philos Pract2014.
75.
LuthuliL.Embedding digital preservation strategies in the management of institutional repositories in South Africa. ESARBICA J2022; 41: 188–199.
76.
MalikAMahmoodK.Readiness for digital reference service (DRS) in university libraries: a survey in the Punjab, Pakistan. Inf Dev2014; 30(2): 181–188.
77.
ChukanovaS.Research data management and digital curation as a library activity. Folia Bibliologica2020; 61: 85–98.
78.
MosetiI.Digital preservation and institutional repositories: case study of universities in Kenya. J South Afr Soc Archivists2016; 49: 137–154.
79.
MubofuCMamboHSamzugiA.Preservation practices for information resources in public university libraries in Tanzania. Restaurator2022; 43(3): 199–218.
80.
NarasaiahITripathiMAwasthiS.Digital archiving of grey literature in universities: a case study of Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. Libr Philos Pract2021; 1–15.
81.
NwabugwuMJGodwinLS.Research data management (RDM) services in libraries: lessons for academic libraries in Nigeria. Libr Philos Pract2020; 1–18, https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/4238
82.
OdhiamboBO.Institutional readiness for digital archives management at United States International University-Africa. Arch Manuscr2018; 46(3): 330–353.
83.
OehlertsBLiuS.Digital preservation strategies at Colorado State University libraries. Libr Manag2013; 34(1/2): 83–95.
84.
JohnstonLRCarlsonJHudson-VitaleC, et al. How important are data curation activities to researchers? Gaps and opportunities for academic libraries. J Librariansh Scholarly Commun2018; 6(1): eP2198.
ShahUAHussainMSaddiqaM, et al. Problems and challenges in the preservation of digital contents: an analytical study. Libr Philos Pract2021; 1–12.
87.
ShimraySRRamaiahCK. Digital preservation strategies: an overview. In: 11th national conference on recent advances in information technology (READIT-2018), IGCAR, Kalpakam, Tamilnadu, India, August 08–09, 2018.
88.
TripathiS.Digital preservation: some underlying issues for long-term preservation. Libr Hi Tech News2018; 35(2): 8–12.
89.
AbdulkareemMYIsahAIssaAO.Challenges of digital preservation of manuscripts to the Nigerian education and information systems. Libr Archival Secur2012; 25(2): 119–131.
90.
YoonAMurilloAPAnders McNallyP.Digital preservation in LIS education: a content analysis of course syllabi. J Educ Libr Inf Sci2021; 62(1): 61–86.
91.
AbioyeALowryJLynchR.Digital curation education at the universities of Ibadan and Liverpool. Int J Digit Curation2019; 14(1): 24–61.
92.
MasonSHalvarssonE.Designing and implementing a digital preservation training needs assessment: findings from the Bodleian Libraries’ institutional repository. In: 14th international conference on digital preservation (iPRES 2017), https://ipres2017.jp/wp-content/uploads/21Sarah-MasonDe.pdf
93.
MoulaisonHLCorradoEM. LAM education for digital curation: a North American perspective. In: Proceedings of the cultural heritage online conference, Florence, 11–12 December 2012.
94.
RoarkK.Data management and curation for qualitative research: collaborative curriculum development and implementation. J Escience Librariansh2020; 9(1): 6.
95.
SiLXingWZhuangX, et al. Investigation and analysis of research data services in university libraries. Electron Libr2015; 33(3): 417–449.
96.
TammaroAM.Integrating digital curation in a digital library curriculum: the international master DILL case study. In: Final DigCurV conference framing the digital curation curriculum, Firenze, 6–7 May 2013, https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1016/paper20.pdf
97.
TammaroAMKempfK.Intersection of digital library and data science: learning data curation in a flipped classroom. In: 19th conference on information and research science connecting to digital and library science (19th IRCDL), Bari, 23–24 February 2023.
IslamMMIslamMN.Preservation practice of digital publications in selected university libraries of Bangladesh. Bangladesh J Inf Manag (BJIM)2021; 1(1): 51–58.
UngererLM.Digital curation as a core competency in current learning and literacy: a higher education perspective. Int Rev Res Open Dist Learn2016; 17(5): 1–27.
102.
ChandBBChoudharyPKRameshaB. Digital curation of research data in social science research library: a successful experiment at ISEC. In: International conference on library space-content management for networked society (LCLISCOM), 18–20 October 2014, Bangalore, India.
103.
ParkJRTosakaY.Metadata quality control in digital repositories and collections: criteria, semantics, and mechanisms. Cataloging Classif Q2010; 48(8): 696–715.
104.
RayJ.The rise of digital curation and cyberinfrastructure: from experimentation to implementation and maybe integration. Libr Hi Tech2012; 30(4): 604–622.
105.
ShajithaC.Digital curation practices in institutional repositories in South India: a study. Glob Knowl Mem Commun2020; 69(8/9): 557–578.
106.
SteeleTSump-CretharN.Metadata for Electronic Theses and Dissertations: a survey of institutional repositories. J Libr Metadata2016; 16(1): 53–68.
107.
TarverHHaleMWhiteR, et al. Metadata quality in digital libraries: an analysis of survey response data. In: 18th international conference on digital preservation iPRES 2022, Glasgow, 12–16 September 2022.
108.
MasenyaTMNgulubeP.Factors that influence digital preservation sustainability in academic libraries in South Africa. South Afr J Libr Inf Sci2020; 86(1): 52–63.
109.
TibboHR.Placing the horse before the cart: conceptual and technical dimensions of digital curation. Hist Soc Res2012; 37(3): 187–200.
110.
AltenhönerR.E-Infrastructure and digital preservation: challenges and outlook. In: Proceedings of the 6th international conference on digital preservation, iPRES 2009, 5–6 October 2009, pp. 12–19. California Digital Library: Mission Bay Conference Center San Francisco, California.
111.
KhanAIbrahimMHussainA.An exploratory prioritization of factors affecting current state of information security in Pakistani university libraries. Int J Inf Manag Data Insights2021; 1(2): 100015.
112.
ChutiaSSensuaD.Digital preservation in libraries. DLC Image2022; 1(1): 35–38.
113.
TallmanN.A 21st century technical infrastructure for digital preservation. Inf Technol Libr2021; 40(4): 1–21.
114.
MoghaddamGG.Preserving digital resources: issues and concerns from a view of librarians. Collect Build2010; 29(2): 65–69.
115.
PaulPKShivrajKS.Digital preservation: some opportunities, issues and challenges emphasizing possible solution. Asian J Inf Sci Technol2014; 4(1): 35–39.
116.
ShankarKJengWThomerA, et al. Data curation as collective action during COVID-19. J Assoc Inf Sci Technol2021; 72(3): 280–284.
117.
NdegwaHMGitauJN.Digital preservation practices for Institutional Repositories (IRs) of Universities in Kenya. Am J Multidiscip Res Dev2022; 4(12): 1–8.
118.
DanielJNdumbaroF.A descriptive study of infrastructure capabilities for digital records preservation among selected public institutions in Tanzania. Univ Dar Es Salaam Libr J2021; 16(2): 139–160.
119.
AdetunlaBOGAgbetuyiPA. Preservation and conservation of electronic information resources in private university libraries of South-West, Nigeria. Int Res J Libr Inf Sci2018; 8(2): 299–312, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358748931
120.
AhmadRRafiqM.Assessing the preparedness of university libraries for digital preservation. J Acad Librariansh2022; 48(6): 102617.
121.
HoughtonB.Preservation challenges in the digital age. D-Lib Mag2016; 22(7/8): 1–10.
122.
IfijehG.Adoption of digital preservation methods for theses in Nigerian academic libraries: applications and implications. J Acad Librariansh2014; 40(3–4): 399–404.
123.
MeddingsC.Digital preservation: the library perspective. Serials Libr2011; 60(1–4): 55–60.
124.
KariHKOrjiS.Challenges to developing institutional repositories and electronic resource sharing in academic libraries in Nigeria. Libr Philos Pract2022; 1–23.
125.
YadavD.Opportunities and challenges in creating digital archive and preservation: an overview. Int J Digit Libr Serv2016; 6(2): 63–73.
JimadaAAdukuBS.Challenges of digital preservation in federal university libraries in North Western states of Nigeria appraisal of circulation routine duties in academic libraries. Inf Manag2015; 15(1–2): 17–21.
129.
JimadaAAlhassanJAMohammedR.Challenges faced in the preservation of digital information resources in the digitization unit of Kashim Ibrahim Library, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria. Afr J Pedagogy2020; 9: 79–85.
130.
JohnstonL.Challenges in preservation and archiving digital materials. Inf Serv Use2020; 40(3): 193–199.
131.
LateefSShahzadK.DRS adoption-barriers in government and private sector university libraries: an explanatory study. Libr Philos Pract2021; 6190, https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/6190
132.
PerrinJMWinklerHMYangL.Digital preservation challenges with an ETD collection: a case study at Texas Tech University. J Acad Librariansh2015; 41(1): 98–104.
133.
RafiqM.Institutional repositories (IRs) in universities of Pakistan: issues and emergent framework for remedies. J Acad Librariansh2022; 48(1): 1–11.
134.
AnbuKChibamboML.Digital preservation: issues and challenges. Trends Inf Manag2009; 5(1): 42–58.
135.
DanielJNdumbaroF.An assessment of human resource capabilities in supporting digital records preservation: a case of RAMD and RITA, Tanzania. Records Manag J2023; 33(1): 1–19.
136.
HamadFAl-FadelMAl-SoubA.Awareness of research data management services at academic libraries in Jordan: roles, responsibilities and challenges. New Rev Acad Librariansh2021; 27(1): 76–96.
137.
VoutssasJ.Long-term digital information preservation: challenges in Latin America. Aslib Proc2012; 64(1): 83–96.
138.
MubofuCMamboHSamzugiA.Information resources preservation: bottlenecks and their effect on library information services. Restaurator2021; 42(1): 21–36.
139.
AshiqMSaleemQUAAsimM.The perception of library and information science (LIS) professionals about research data management services in university libraries of Pakistan. Libri2021; 71(3): 239–249.
140.
ChawingaWDZinnS.Research data management in universities: a comparative study from the perspectives of librarians and management. Int Inf Libr Rev2021; 53(2): 97–111.
AneneIAOzorSEBaroEE.Institutional repository development in Nigerian universities: benefits and challenges. Niger Delta J Libr Inf Sci2020; 1(1): 1–8.
143.
TiwariT.Data curation: an opportunity for the libraries. In: Conference paper, MANLIBNET 2018: International conference on emerging trends in librarianship: Role of libraries in learning environment, IIM, Trichy 2018, pp. 1–10.
144.
AhmadRRafiqMArifM.Barriers to preservation for digital information resources in university libraries of Pakistan. Restaurator2023; 44: 221–243.
145.
NgoepeM.Archival orthodoxy of post-custodial realities for digital records in South Africa. Arch Manuscr2017; 45(1): 31–44.
146.
RinehartAKPrud’hommePHuotAR.Overwhelmed to action: digital preservation challenges at the under-resourced institution. OCLC Syst Serv2014; 30(1): 28–42.
147.
SamboASUrhefeEAEjitaghaS.A survey of digital preservation challenges in Nigerian libraries: librarians’ perspectives. Int J Digit Curation2017; 12(1): 117–128.
148.
RahmanMDMezbah-ul-IslamM.Issues and challenges for sustainable digital preservation practices in Bangladesh. In: International seminar on digital libraries for digital nation, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 17–18 October 2012.
149.
PerrySR.Digitization and digital preservation: a review of the literature. Sch Inf Student Res J2014; 4(1): 4.
150.
SatishMVUmeshM.Challenges of digital preservation in digital libraries. In: 3rd convention PLANNER-2005, Assam University, Silchar, India, 10–11 November 2005, pp. 53–62.
151.
CoxAMKennanMALyonL, et al. Developments in research data management in academic libraries: towards an understanding of research data service maturity. J Assoc Inf Sci Technol2017; 68(9): 2182–2200.
152.
MachimbidzaTMutulaSNdiweniM.Exploring the feasibility of research data management services in Zimbabwean academic libraries: the case of Zimbabwe School of Mines. Libr Philos Pract2022, https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/6760
153.
YadavDKumarS.Application of conservation and preservation techniques to enhance the life of traditional and digital information resources in libraries. DESIDOC J Libr Inf Technol2020; 40(3): 147–152.
154.
CushingALShankarK.Digital curation on a small Island: a study of professional education and training needs in Ireland. Arch Rec2019; 40(2): 146–163.
155.
CorradoEMSandyHM.Digital preservation for libraries, archives, and museums. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2017.
