From a life span perspective, aging occurs from birth to death, may involve reversible changes, and is a complex process that occurs interactively at the biological, psychosocial, and societal levels for historical cohorts. This article offers new conceptual distinctions among types of aging processes and argues for the application of specific dynamic models that permit the analysis of these multiple clocks that time us.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Baltes, P. B.
and R. Kliegl 1985 "On the dynamics between growth and decline in the aging of intelligence and memory." Opening address at the World Congress of Neurology, Hamburg, West Germany, September.
2.
Baltes, P. B.
and J. R. Nesselroade1984"Paradigm lost and paradigm regained: critique of Dannefer's portrayal of life-span developmental psychology."Amer. Soc. Rev.49: 841-846.
3.
Baltes, P. B.
, H. W. Reese, and L. P. Lipsitt1980"Life-span development psychology."Annual Rev. of Psychology31: 65-100.
4.
Baltes, P. B.
and S. Willis1982"Plasticity and enhancement of intellectual functioning in old age: Penn State's Adult Development and Enrichment Project (ADEPT)," pp. 353-389 in F.I.M. Craik and S. E. Trehub (eds.) Aging and Cognitive Processes. New York: Plenum.
5.
Birren, J. E.
and V. J. Renner1977"Research on the psychology of aging: principles and experimentation," pp. 3-38 in J. E. Birren and K. Warner Schaie (eds.) Handbook of the Psychology of Aging. New York: Van Nostrand.
6.
Brim, O. G., Jr.
and C. D. Ryff1980"On the properties of life events," pp. 368-388 in P. B. Baltes and O. G. Brim, Jr. (eds.) Life-Span Development and Behavior, Vol. 3. New York: Academic Press.
7.
Bronfenbrenner, U.1979The Ecology of Human Development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press.
8.
Coleman, J. S.1981Longitudinal Data Analysis. New York: Basic Books.
9.
Denney, N. W.1979"Problem solving in later adulthood: intervention research," pp. 37-66 in P. B. Baltes and 0. G. Brim, Jr. (eds.) Life-Span Development and Behavior, Vol. 2. New York: Academic Press.
10.
Dirken, J. M.
(ed.) 1972Functional Age of Industrial Workers: A Transversal Survey of Aging Capacities and a Method for Assessing Functional Age. Gronigen: Wolters-Noofdhoff.
11.
Dovenmuehle, R. H.
and E. W. Busse1956"Studies of the processes of aging: a review of the findings of a multidisciplinary approach."British J. of Physical Medicine19: 100-103.
12.
Featherman, D. L.1985"Individual development and aging as a population process," in J. R. Nessel-roade and A. von Eye (eds.) Individual Development and Social Change. New York: Academic Press.
13.
forthcoming "Biography, society and history," in A. B. Sorensen, F. Weinert, and L. Sherrod (eds.) Human Development and the Life Course: Multidisciplinary Perspectives. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
14.
Featherman, D. L.
, D. P. Hogan, and A. B. Sorensen1984"Entry into adulthood: profiles of young men in the 1950s," pp. 160-203 in P. B. Baltes and 0. G Brim, Jr. (eds.) Life-Span Development and Behavior, Vol. 6. New York: Academic Press.
15.
Featherman, D. L.
and R. M. Lerner1985"Ontogenesis and sociogenesis: problematics for theory and research about socialization and development across the lifespan."Amer. Soc. Rev.50 (October): 659-676.
Herron, A.
and S. Chown1967Age and Function. London: J & A Churchill.
18.
Hoem, J.1972"Inhomogeneous semi-Markov processes, select actuarial tables, and duration dependence in demography," pp. 251-296 in T.N.E. Greville (ed.) Population Dynamics. New York: Academic Press.
19.
Hultsch, D. F.
and J. K. Plemons1979"Life events and life-span development," pp. 1-37 in P. B. Baltes and 0. G. Brim, Jr. (eds.) Life-Span Development and Behavior, Vol. 2. New York: Academic Press.
Kahn, R. L.
and T. C. Antonucci1980"Convoys over the life course: attachment, roles, and social support," pp. 254-286 in P. B. Baltes and O.G. Brim, Jr. (eds.) Life-Span Development and Behavior, Vol. 3. New York: Academic Press.
22.
Maddox, G. L.
and J. Wiley1977"Scope, concepts and methods in the study of aging," pp. 3-34 in R. H. Binstock and E. Shanas (eds.) Handbook of Aging and the Social Sciences. New York: Van Nostrand.
23.
Nesselroade, J. R.
and D. H. Ford1985"P-technique comes of age: multivariate, replicated, single-subject designs for research on older adults."Research on Aging7: 46-80.
24.
Palmore, E.
(ed.) 1970Normal Aging. Durham, NC: Duke Univ. Press.
25.
Palmore, E.
(ed.) 1974Normal Aging II. Durham, NC: Duke Univ. Press.
26.
Petersen, T.1983aA Method for Incorporating Time-Dependent Covariates in Models for Analysis of Duration Data. (Working Paper No. 83-44.) University of Wisconsin, Center for Demography and Ecology.
27.
1983bTime-Aggregation Bias in Continuous Time Hazard Rate Models. (Working Paper No. 83-45.) University of Wisconsin, Center for Demography and Ecology.
28.
1986"Estimating fully parametric hazard rate models with time-dependent covariates by the method of maximum likelihood."Soc. Methods and Research14 (3): 219-246.
29.
Prigogine, I.1978"Time, structure, and fluctuation."Science, 201: 777-785.
30.
Reese, H. W.
and M. A. Smyer1983"The dimensionalization of life events," pp. 1-32 in E. J. Callahan and K. A. McCluskey (eds.) Life-Span Developmental Psychology: Nonnormative Life Events. New York: Academic Press.
31.
Reff, M. E.
and E. L. Schneider1982Biological Markers of Aging. (Publication No. 82-2221.) Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health.
32.
Riley, M. W.1979Aging from Birth to Death: Interdisciplinary Perspectives. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
33.
1983 "The dynamics of life stages: roles, people and age." Paper presented at the International Society for the Study of Behavioral Development, Munich, West Germany.
34.
Riley, M. W.
, R. Abeles, and M. Teitelbaum (eds.) 1982 Aging from Birth to Death, Vol. II: Socio Temporal Perspective. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
35.
Rogosa, D.1980"Time and time again: some analysis problems in longitudinal research," pp. 153-201 in C. Bidwell and D. M. Windham (eds.) The Analysis of Educational Productivity, Vol. II: Issues in Macroanalysis. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
36.
Ryder, N. B.1968"Cohort analysis," pp. 546-550 in D. L. Sills (ed.) International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, Vol. 2. New York: Macmillan and Free Press.
37.
Sacher, G. C.1978"Longevity and aging in vertebrate evolution."BioScience.28: 497-501.
38.
Schaie, K. W.1965"A general model for the study of developmental problems."Psychological Bulletin64: 92-107.
39.
1979"The primary mental abilities in adulthood: an exploration in the development of psychometric intelligence," pp. 67-115 in P. B. Baltes and 0. G. Brim, Jr. (eds.) Life-Span Development and Behavior, Vol. 2. New York: Academic Press.
40.
Shavit, Y.
and D. L. Featherman 1985 "Constancy and change in teenage intelligence: the effects of secondary education in Israel." Paper presented at the annual meetings of the American Sociological Association, Washington, D.C.
41.
Singer, B.
and S. Spilerman1979"Mathematical representations of developmental theories," pp. 155-178 in J. R. Nesselroade and P. B. Baltes (eds.) Longitudinal Research in the Study of Behavior and Development. New York: Academic Press.
42.
Strehler, B. L.
and A. S. Mildvan1960"A general theory of mortality and aging."Science132: 14-21.
43.
Tuma, N.
and M. Hannan1984Social Dynamics: Models and Methods. New York: Academic Press.
