This study examined whether the relationship between cancer and hand grip strength differs by sex and along the hand grip strength distribution. Using six waves of the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing (KLoSA) (N = 9735), sex-stratified unconditional quantile regression models with fixed effects were used to assess sex-specific effects of cancer for patients in different quantiles of the hand grip strength distribution. Cancer diagnosis was negatively associated with hand grip strength for males, but not females, and this sex difference was statistically significant. Quantile regression models showed that the stronger association between cancer and hand grip strength is observed among males with weaker hand grip strength. No statistically significant association was found between hand grip strength and cancer in females across the entire distribution of hand grip strength. This study provided evidence of the heterogeneity in the relationship between cancer and hand grip strength.
Al-MajidS.WatersH. (2008). The biological mechanisms of cancer-related skeletal muscle wasting: The role of progressive resistance exercise. Biological Research For Nursing, 10(1), 7–20. https://doi.org/10.1177/1099800408317345
2.
AuyeungT. W.LeeJ. S. W.KwokT.LeungJ.OhlssonC.VandenputL.LeungP. C.WooJ. (2011). Testosterone but not estradiol level is positively related to muscle strength and physical performance independent of muscle mass: A cross-sectional study in 1489 older men. European Journal of Endocrinology, 164(5), 811–817. https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-10-0952
3.
BohannonR. W. (2019). Grip strength: An indispensable biomarker for older adults. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 14, 1681–1691. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S194543
4.
BorgenN. T. (2016). Fixed effects in unconditional quantile regression. The Stata Journal: Promoting Communications on Statistics and Stata, 16(2), 403–415. https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867x1601600208
5.
BrookM. S.WilkinsonD. J.PhillipsB. E.Perez-SchindlerJ.PhilpA.SmithK.AthertonP. J. (2016). Skeletal muscle homeostasis and plasticity in youth and ageing: Impact of nutrition and exercise. Acta Physiologica, 216(1), 15–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/apha.12532
6.
CapozziL. C.DaunJ. T.EsterM.MoscaS.LangelierD.FrancisG. J.ChangE.MinaD. S.FuJ. B.Culos-ReedS. N. (2021). Physical activity for individuals living with advanced cancer: Evidence and recommendations. Seminars in Oncology Nursing, 37(4), 151170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soncn.2021.151170
ChristensenJ. F.JonesL. W.AndersenJ. L.DaugaardG.RorthM.HojmanP. (2014). Muscle dysfunction in cancer patients. Annals of Oncology: Official Journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology, 25(5), 947–958. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdt551
9.
de LimaF. D.BottaroM.de Oliveira ValerianoR.CruzL.BattagliniC. L.VieiraC. Ade OliveiraR. J. (2018). Cancer-related fatigue and muscle quality in Hodgkin’s lymphoma survivors. Integrative Cancer Therapies, 17(2), 299–305. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534735417712009
Dudzińska-GriszekJ.SzusterK.SzewieczekJ. (2017). Grip strength as a frailty diagnostic component in geriatric inpatients. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 12, 1151–1157. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S140192
GeorgeJ.CannonT.LaiV.RicheyL.ZanationA.HayesD. N.ShoresC.GuttridgeD.CouchM. (2007). Cancer cachexia syndrome in head and neck cancer patients: Part II. Pathophysiology. Head & Neck, 29(5), 497–507. https://doi.org/10.1002/hed.20630
14.
GriggsR. C.KingstonW.JozefowiczR. F.HerrB. E.ForbesG.HallidayD. (1989). Effect of testosterone on muscle mass and muscle protein synthesis. Journal of Applied Physiology, 66(1), 498–503. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1989.66.1.498
15.
HansenT. T. D.OmlandL. H.von HeymannA.JohansenC.ClausenM. B.SuettaC.PappotH.RafnB. S. (2021). Development of sarcopenia in patients with bladder cancer: A systematic review. Seminars in Oncology Nursing, 37(1), 151108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soncn.2020.151108
IinumaT.AraiY.FukumotoM.TakayamaM.AbeY.AsakuraK.NishiwakiY.TakebayashiT.IwaseT.KomiyamaK.GionhakuN.HiroseN. (2012). Maximum occlusal force and physical performance in the oldest old: The Tokyo oldest old survey on total health. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 60(1), 68–76. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03780.x
18.
JangS.-N. (2016). Korean longitudinal study of ageing (KLoSA): Overview of research design and contents. In Encyclopedia of geropsychology (pp. 1–9). Springer Singapore.
19.
JonesM. D.WewegeM. A.HackettD. A.KeoghJ. W. L.HagstromA. D. (2021). Sex differences in adaptations in muscle strength and size following resistance training in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 51(3), 503–517. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-020-01388-4
20.
JungG.NamG. E.HuhY.HerY.LeeE. S.ChooJ.ChangJ.KimY.-H.ChoK.-H. (2022a). Association between masticatory difficulty and handgrip strength in Korean adult cancer survivors. Korean Journal of Family Practice, 12(3), 179–184. https://doi.org/10.21215/kjfp.2022.12.3.179
21.
JungK.-W.WonY.-J.KangM. J.KongH.-J.ImJ.-S.SeoH. G. (2022b). Prediction of cancer incidence and mortality in Korea, 2022. Cancer Research and Treatment, 54(2), 345–351. https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2022.179
22.
KimH.YooS.KimH.ParkS. G.SonM. (2021). Cancer survivors with low hand grip strength have decreased quality of life compared with healthy controls: The Korea National health and nutrition examination survey 2014–2017. Korean Journal of Family Medicine, 42(3), 204–211. https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.20.0060
23.
KimJ.ParkG.-R. (2022). Chronic loneliness, gender, and trajectories of change in hand grip strength in older adults. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 78(4), 649–658. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbac191
24.
KimJ.-S.SeoY. (2022). Relationship between handgrip strength and metabolic syndrome among middle-aged and elderly cancer survivors: A national population study. Cancer Nursing, 45(6), 457–464. https://doi.org/10.1097/NCC.0000000000001018
25.
MorishitaS.TsubakiA.FuJ. B.MitobeY.OnishiH.TsujiT. (2018). Cancer survivors exhibit a different relationship between muscle strength and health-related quality of life/fatigue compared to healthy subjects. European Journal of Cancer Care, 27(4), Article e12856. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecc.12856
26.
ParkG. R.KimJ. (2021). Depressive symptoms among cancer patients: Variation by gender, cancer type, and social engagement. Research in Nursing & Health, 44(5), 811–821. https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.22168
27.
ParkG.-R.KimJ. (2022). Gendered trajectories of depressive symptoms and social interactions among cancer patients. European Journal of Oncology Nursing: The Official Journal of European Oncology Nursing Society, 56(October 2021), 102092. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejon.2021.102092
28.
PetersM.PearlmanA.TerryW.MottS. L.MongaV. (2021). Testosterone deficiency in men receiving immunotherapy for malignant melanoma. Oncotarget, 12(3), 199–208. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.27876
29.
ShinD. W.ChoB.KimS. Y.JungJ. H.ParkJ. H. (2013). Management of cancer survivors in clinical and public health perspectives: Current status and future challenges in Korea. Journal of Korean Medical Science, 28(5), 651–657. https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2013.28.5.651
30.
StephensN. A.GrayC.MacDonaldA. J.TanB. H.GallagherI. J.SkipworthR. J. E.RossJ. A.FearonK. C. H.GreigC. A. (2012). Sexual dimorphism modulates the impact of cancer cachexia on lower limb muscle mass and function. Clinical Nutrition, 31(4), 499–505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2011.12.008
31.
VaiseyS.MilesA. (2017). What you can—and can’t—do with three-wave panel data. Sociological Methods & Research, 46(1), 44–67. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124114547769
32.
WeiY.KehmR. D.GoldbergM.TerryM. B. (2019). Applications for quantile regression in epidemiology. Current Epidemiology Reports, 6(2), 191–199. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40471-019-00204-6
33.
WilliamsG. R.DunneR. F.GiriS.ShacharS. S.CaanB. J. (2021). Sarcopenia in the older adult with cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology: Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, 39(19), 2068–2078. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.21.00102
34.
YangL.KoyanagiA.SmithL.HuL.ColditzG. A.ToriolaA. T.López SánchezG. F.VancampfortD.HamerM.StubbsB.WaldhörT. (2018). Hand grip strength and cognitive function among elderly cancer survivors. PLOS ONE, 13(6), Article e0197909. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0197909
