Contra-flow from the Arab world? How Arab television coverage of the 2003 Iraq war was used and framed on Western international news channels

Aday, S. , S. Livingston and M. Hebert (2005) `Embedding the Truth: A Cross-cultural Analysis of Objectivity and Television Coverage of the Iraq War', Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics 10(1): 3-21.

Billows, W. (2004) `Zusammenfassendes Protokoll', Deutsch-Arabischer Mediendialog: Medienkulturen und die Herausforderung der Globalisierung (Abu Dhabi, UAE), 15 May: 15-19, URL (consulted February 2006): http://cms.ifa.de/fileadmin/content/tagungen/downloads/arabisch_mai04_protokoll.pdf

Cassara, C. and L. Lengel (2004) `Move over CNN: Al Jazeera's View of the World Takes On the West', Transnational Broadcasting Studies 12(spring), URL (consulted February 2006): http://www.tbsjournal.com/Archives/Spring04/cassara_lengel.htm

De Vreese, C. (2005) `The Spiral of Cynicism Reconsidered', European Journal of Communication 20(3): 283-301.

Feuilherade, P. (2003) `Profile: Al-Arabiya TV', BBC News , 25 November, URL (consulted February 2006): http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/3236654.stm

Fox, J.R. and B. Park (2006) `The "I" of Embedded Reporting: An Analysis of CNN Coverage of the "Shock and Awe" Campaign', Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 50(1): 36-51.

Hafez, K. (2004) `Arab Satellite Broadcasting: An Alternative to Political Parties?', Transnational Broadcasting Studies 12 (fall), URL (consulted February 2006): http://www.tbsjournal.com/Archives/Fall04/camphafez.htm

Hahn, O. (2005) `Arabisches Satelliten-Nachrichtenfernsehen: Entwicklungsgeschichte, Strukturen und Folgen für die Konfliktberichterstattung aus dem Nahen und Mittleren Osten', Medien & Kommunikationswissenschaft 53: 241-60.

Iyengar, S. (1991) Is Anyone Responsible? How Television Frames Political Issues. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Krüger, U.M. (2003) `Der Irak-Krieg im deutschen Fernsehen. Analyse der Berichterstattung in ARD/Das Erste, ZDF, RTL und SAT1', Media Perspektiven 9: 398-413.

Mahle, A.E. (n.d.) `Geneva Conventions Handbook', wideangle, URL (consulted March 2008): http://www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/shows/aljazeera/handbook.html

Media Tenor (2005) `Zitierte Medien: Al Jazeera, 2004 und 1. Quartal 2005', data report provided by Medien Tenor, Berlin.

Miles, H. (2005) Al-Jazeera: The Inside Story of the Arab News Channel That Is Challenging the West. New York: Grove Press.

el- Nawawy, M. and L.A. Gher (2003) `Al-Jazeera: Bridging the East-West Gap through Public Discourse and Media Diplomacy', Transnational Broadcasting Studies 10 (spring), URL (consulted February 2006): http://www.tbsjournal.com/Archives/Spring03/nawawy.html

el- Nawawy, M. and A. Iskandar (2002) Al-Jazeera: How the Free Arab News Network Scooped the World and Changed the Middle East. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

Pfau, M. , M.M. Haigh , L. Lodgson , C. Perrine , J.P. Baldwin , R.E. Breitenfeldt et al. (2005) `Embedded Reporting during the Invasion and Occupation of Iraq: How the Embedding of Journalists Affects Television News Reports', Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 49(4): 468-87.

Rugh, W.A. (2004) Arab Mass Media: Newspapers, Radio, and Television in Arab Politics. Westport, CT: Praeger.

Sakr, N. (2007) `Challenger or Lackey? The Politics of News on Al-Jazeera', pp. 116-32 in D.K. Thussu (ed.) Media on the Move: Global Flow and Contra-flow. New York : Routledge.

Shapiro, S.M. (2005) `The War Inside the Arab Newsroom', New York Times 2 January: 27.

Tatham, S. (2006) Losing Arab Hearts and Minds: The Coalition, Al-Jazeera, and Muslim Public Opinion. London: Hurst and Co.

Thussu, D.K. (2007) `Mapping Global Media Flow and Contra-flow', pp. 11-32 in D.K. Thussu (ed.) Media on the Move: Global Flow and Contra-flow. New York : Routledge.

Tumber, H. and J. Palmer (2004) Media at War: The Iraq Crisis. London: SAGE.

White House (2004) `Al-Manar Placed on Terrorist List', 17 December, URL (consulted January 2007): http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2004/12/20041217-3.html

Zayani, M. (2005) `Introduction - Al Jazeera and the Vicissitudes of the New Arab mediascape', pp. 1-46 in M. Zayani (ed.) The Al Jazeera Phenomenon: Critical Perspectives on New Arab Media. Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers .

Zayani, M. and M.I. Ayish (2006) `Arab Satellite Television and Crisis Reporting: Covering the Fall of Baghdad', International Communication Gazette 68(5-6): 473-97.