Pharmacy, resembling all autonomous
medical professions, has a history of male
practitioners. With the rapid increase in
numbers of women entering the field,
evaluation of their status and projections
as to the impact upon the profession is
indicated.
Females currently comprise 18% of the
practitioners and approximately 1/3 of
the students in pharmacy schools, figures
considerably in excess of the numbers of
women physicians. In that the fields are
similar in many respects, the comparative
status of female practitioners in both was
considered. Parallel patterns of stratification and representation in decision-making
areas of the professions were found to exist,
with males comprising the status hierarchy.
A specific area of divergence was noted in
that women in medicine appear to be more
"career" and service motivated, while fe male pharmacists appear to value the ease
to which role-blending is allowed. Pharmacy can expect to be increasingly "wom anized," particularly in the hospital practice setting. This situation may not result
in status gains for the females in the field.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Amencan Druggist (1977) "News ." June: 13, 52.
2.
Cain, R. and J. Kahn (1971) "The pharmacist as a member of the health team ." Amer. J. of Public Health61: 2223-2228.
3.
Campbell, M. A. (1973) Why Would a Girl Go Into Medicine? Old Westbury, NY: Feminist Press.
4.
Corea, G. ( 1977) The Hidden Malpractice. Glenview, IL: Scott , Foresman.
5.
Curtiss, F. R. and R. J. Hammel (1977) "A comparison of female and male pharmacists in job stress, job satisfaction, anxiety, depression, and life happiness." (unpublished)
6.
Denzin, N. and C. Mettlin (1966) "Incomplete professionalization: the case of pharmacy." Social Forces46: 375-381.
7.
Dickson, W. M. and C. Rodowskas (1973) "Women in pharmacy-projections for the future." J. of the Amer. Pharmaceutical Assoc.13: 631-635.
8.
Engleman, E. G. (1974) "Attitudes toward women physicians." Western J. of Medicine120: 95-100.
9.
Gray, R. M. and H. L. Gleason (1973) "Acceptance of female pharmacists by the public." J. of the Amer. Pharmaceutical Assoc.13: 625-631.
10.
Griffenhagen, G. B. (1973) " Editorial." J. of the Amer. Pharmaceutical Assoc. 13: 609.
11.
Gross, E. (1968) "Sex and occupation ." Social Problems16: 198-208.
12.
Haar, E., V. Halitsky, and G. Stricker (1975) " Factors related to the preference for a female gynecologist." Medical Care13: 782-790.
13.
Heins, M., S. Smock, L. Martindale, J. Jacobs , and M. Stein (1977 ) "Comparison of productivity of women and men physicians ." J. of the Amer. Medical Assoc.237: 2514-2517.
14.
Kirk, K. and M. L. Henderson (1975) "Expectations of female pharmacy students ." J. of the Amer. Pharmaceutical Assoc.15: 622-624.
15.
Kirk, K. and R. A. Ohvall (1975) "Sex differences in pharmacy student career planning and aspirations." Amer. J. of Pharmacy Education39: 37-42.
16.
——— (1973a) "Women in pharmacy-gratification or discrimination ." J. of the Amer. Pharmaceutical Assoc. 13: 610-613.
17.
——— (1973b) "Practice patterns of women pharmacists." J. of the Amer. Pharmaceutical Assoc. 13: 614-616.
18.
Knapp, D. and J. D. Edwards (1969) "The pharmacist as perceived by physician, patron, and other pharmacists." J. of the Amer. Pharmaceutical Assoc.9: 80-84.
19.
Knapp, D., H. Wolf, and T. Rudy (1969) " Experimental analysis of the pharmacist as drug advisor." J. of the Amer. Pharmaceutical Assoc.9: 502-505.
20.
Kosa, J. and R. E. Coker (1965) "The female physician in public health: conflict and reconciliation of the sex and professional roles." Sociology and Social Research49: 294-305.
21.
Kronus, C. (1977) "Women in pharmacy: trends, implications and research needs." J. of the Amer. Pharmaceutical Assoc.17: 674-679.
22.
——— (1976) "Occupational vs. organizational influences on reference group identification : the case of pharmacy." Sociology of Work and Occupations3: 303-330.
23.
Linn, E. L. (1971) "Women dentists: career and family." Social Problems18: 393-404.
24.
McCormack, T. (1956) "The druggist's dilemma: problems of a marginal occupation." Amer. J. of Sociology19: 308-315.
25.
Manasse, H. R., Jr., J. Stewart , and R. Hall (1975 ) "Inconsistent socialization in pharmacy-a pattern in need of change ." J. of the Amer. Pharmaceutical Assoc.15: 616-619.
26.
Mandelbaum, D. R. (1976) "Toward an understanding of the career persistence of women physicians." J. of the Amer. Medical Women's Assoc.31: 314.
27.
Maxmen, J. ( 1976) The Post-Physician Era. New York: John Wiley.
28.
National Commission on Observance of International Women's Year (1976) To Form a More Perfect Union. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
29.
Navarro, V. (1975) "Women in health care." New England J. of Medicine292: 398.
30.
Ohvall, R. and S. Schlegel (1969) "Practice continuity and longevity of women pharmacists." J. of the Amer. Pharmaceutical Assoc.9: 518-520.
31.
Palumbo, F., S. Speedie, D. Leavitt, and J. Gregory (1977) "Pharmacy manpower and income in Maryland ." J. of the Amer. Pharmaceutical Assoc.17: 741-744.
32.
Pharmacy Times (1977) "Female undergraduate degrees." Port Washington, NY: Pharmacy Times, Inc.
33.
Powers, L., R. Parmelle, and H. Wiesenfeilder (1969) "Practice patterns of women and men physicians." J. of Medical Education44: 481-491.
34.
Quinney, E. (1964) "Adjustment to occupational role strain: the case of retail pharmacy." Southwestern Social Science Q.44: 361-376.
35.
Roeske, N. (1973) "Women and psychiatry: past and present areas of concern." Amer. J. of Psychiatry130: 1127.
36.
Rosen, R. A. (1974) "Occupational role innovators and sex role attitudes." J. of Medical Education49: 554-561.
37.
Safilios-Rothschild, C. (1974) Women and Public Policy. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice-Hall.
38.
Schlegel, J. and C. Radowskas (1976) "Enrollment report on professional degree programs in pharmacy, fall 1975." Amer. J. of Pharmacy Education40: 279-280.
39.
Schwirian, P. (1973) "Occupational roles of Ohio's practicing pharmacists." J. of the Amer. Pharmaceutical Assoc.13: 618-621.
40.
Scientific Manpower Commission (1976) "Professional women and minorities." Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
41.
Surawicz, F., J. Norton, and B. Ables (1976) " Comparative study of male and female students at the University of Kent." J. of the Amer. Medical Women's Assoc.31: 205.
42.
Tash, R., W. Dickson, and C. Rodowskas (1973) " Women in the professional work force." J. of the Amer. Pharmaceutical Assoc.13: 622-624.
43.
Thorner, I. (1942) "Pharmacy: the functional significance of an institutional pattern." Social Forces20: 321-328.
44.
Watkins, R., G. Norwood, and F. Meister (1976) " Improving the qualifications of the pharmacist as a drug advisor to patient and physician through continuing education." Amer. J. of Pharmaceutical Education40: 34-39.
