Science is atypical because it is cultivated with communal participation from throughout
the world. This global formation has evolved recently. It originates in the institutionalization of a cosmopolitan tradition in Europe. The cosmopolitan orientation and the
perceived usefulness of the European tradition promoted its adoption and institutionalization in the non-Western civilizations. A global institutional frame, including a global
science policy regime, sustains communal participation in world science. Participation
is described in terms of individual, national, and global communalformations.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Altbach, P. G., and V Selvaratnam , eds. 1989. From dependence to autonomy: The development of Asian universities. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
2.
Ben-David, J. [ 1971 ] 1984. The scientist's role in society: A comparative study. 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
3.
—. 1991. Scientific growth: Essays on the social organization and ethos of science. Berkeley: University of California Press.
4.
Burt, R.S.1992. Structural holes: The social structure of competition . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
5.
Burt, R.S., and T. Schott.1989. Relation contents in multiple network systems. In Research methods in social network analysis, edited by L. C. Freeman, A. K. Romney, and D. R. White, 185-213. Fairfax, VA: George Mason University Press.
6.
Daston, L.1991. The ideal and reality of the Republic of Letters in the Enlightenment. Science in Context4:367-86.
7.
Eisemon, T.O., and C.H. Davis.1991. University research and the development of scientific capacity in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. In International higher education: An encyclopedia, edited by P. G. Altbach, 275-95. New York: Garland.
8.
Greenfeld, L.1987. Science and national greatness in seventeenth-century England. Minerva25:107-22.
9.
Merton, R.K. [1938] 1970. Science, technology and society in seventeenth-century England. New York: Harper & Row.
10.
Meyer, J.W.1987. The world polity and the authority of the nation-state . In Institutional structure: Constituting state, society, and the individual, edited by G. M. Thomas , J. W. Meyer, F. O. Ramirez, and J. Boli, 41-70. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
11.
Petitjean, P., C. Jami, and A. M. Moulin, eds. 1992. Science and empires: Historical studies about scientific development and European expansion. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
12.
Ramirez, F.1987. Institutional analysis. In Institutional structure: Constituting state, society, and the individual, edited by G. M. Thomas, J. W. Meyer, F. O. Ramirez, and J. Boli, 316-28. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
13.
Robertson, R.1992. Globalization: Social theory and global culture. London: Sage.
14.
Schott, T.1987. Scientific productivity and international integration of small countries: Mathematics in Denmark and Israel. Minerva25:3-20.
15.
—. 1988. International influence in science: Beyond center and periphery. Social Science Research17:219-38.
16.
—. 1991a. Network models. In STRUCTURE reference manual, 107-206. New York: Columbia University, Center for the Social Sciences.
17.
—. 1991b. The world scientific community: Globality and globalisation . Minerva, 29: 440-62.
18.
—. 1992a. Scientific research in Sweden: Orientation toward the American centre and embeddedness in Nordic and European environments. Science Studies, 5(2): 14-27.
19.
—. 1992b. Soviet science in the scientific world system: Was it autarchic, self-reliant, distinctive, isolated, peripheral, central? Knowledge: Creation, Diffusion, & Utilization 13:410-39.
20.
—. 1993a. Declining and emerging centers of technological science: The United States and Japan. Pittsburgh, PA: University Center for Social and Urban Research.
21.
—. 1993b. Performance, specialization and international integration of science in Brazil: Changes and comparisons with other Latin America countries and Israel. Pittsburgh, PA: University Center for Social and Urban Research.
22.
Shils, E.1976. The cognitive expansion from centre to periphery. In Say not the struggle, 63-95. Delhi: Oxford University Press.
23.
—. 1991. Reflections on tradition, center and periphery, and the universal validity of science: The significance of the life of S. Ramanujan . Minerva29:393-419.
24.
Shrum, W., and N.C. Mullins.1988. Network analysis in science and technology . In Handbook of quantitative studies of science and technology , edited by A.F.J. Van Raan, 107-34. Amsterdam : North-Holland.
25.
Sullivan, D., E.J. Barboni, and D.H. White.1981. Problem choice and the sociology of scientific competition: An international case study in particle physics. Past and Present3:163-97.
26.
Wuthnow, R.1987. Meaning and moral order: Explorations in cultural analysis . Berkeley: University of California Press.
27.
Young, O.R.1989. International cooperation: Building regimes for natural resources and the environment. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
