For random arrays of cylindrical scatterers a model of ultrasonic backscattering is described which includes first order multiple scattering effects. Velocity and attenuation are not constant in the scattering array; different values as well as small fluctuations from one scatterer to another are considered. A theoretical description and analysis of effects on the echo from these non-uniform scatterers are presented and confirmed by computer simulations.
BamberJ.C.HillC.R.Ultrasonic attenuation and propagation speed in mammalian tissues as a function of temperature, Ultrasound Med. Biol.5, 149–157 (1979).
2.
BamberJ.C.HillC.R.Acoustic properties of normal and cancerous human liver - I. Dependence on pathological condition, Ultrasound Med. Biol.7, 121–133 (1981).
3.
FryW.J.Mechanism of acoustic absorption in tissue, J. Acoust. Soc. Amer.24, 412–415 (1952).
4.
GossS.A.FrizzellL.A.DunnF.Dependence of the ultrasonic properties of biological tissue of constituent proteins, J. Acoust. Soc. Amer.67, 1041–1044 (1980).
5.
GossS.A.DunnF.Ultrasonic propagation properties of collagen, Phys. Med. Biol.25, 827–837 (1980).
6.
HunterJ.Acoustics (Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 1957).
7.
IshimaruA.Wave Propagation and Scattering in Random Media, Volume 1, Single Scattering and Transport Theory (Academic Press, New York, 1978).
8.
KochI.EberleM.J.A spherical wave model of ultrasonic backscattering from arrays of cylinders, IEEE Trans. Sonics and UltrasonicsSU-28, 425–430 (1981).
9.
MadsenE.L.ZagzebskiJ.A.BanjavicR.A.JutilaR.E.Tissue mimicking materials for ultrasound phantoms, Med. Physics5, 391–394 (1978).
10.
PaulyH.SchwanH.P.Mechanism of absorption of ultrasound in liver tissue, J. Acoust. Soc. Amer.50, 692–699 (1971).
11.
WellsP.N.T.Absorption and dispersion of ultrasound in biological tissue, Ultrasound Med. Biol.1, 369–376 (1975).