Verbal Approval: A Neglected Educational Resource

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deBary V. , and Fish M. C. “An Observational Study of Teacher Verbal Approval and Disapproval in Grades, 2,4,6,8, 10, and 12,” unpublished study, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, 1973.

Fish M. C. “The Effects of Verbal Reinforcement, Interest, and Performance Feedback on Task Performance,” unpublished doctoral dissertation, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, 1974.

Hughes D. C. “An Experimental Investigation of the Effects of Pupil Responding and Teacher Reacting on Pupil Achievement,” American Educational Research Journal, Vol. 10, 1973, pp. 21–37.

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Loehfelm E. E. “Rates of Classroom Behaviors by Sex Compared to Teacher Approval/Disapproval Rates,” unpublished doctoral dissertation, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, 1974.

Madsen C. H. , Becker W. C. , and Thomas D. R. “Rules, Praise and Ignoring: Elements of Elementary Classroom Control,” Journal of Applied Behavioral Analysis, Vol. 1, 1968, pp. 139–150.

Madsen C. H. , Becker W. C. , Thomas D. R. , Koser L. , and Plager E. “An Analysis of the Reinforcing Function of ‘Sit Down’ Commands,” in Parker R. K. , ed. Readings in Educational Psychology. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1965.

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Teacher Approval and Disapproval Observation Record (TAD). Copyright White, Beecher, Waters, and Heller, 1973.

Thomas D. R. , Becker W. C. , and Armstrong M. “Production and Elimination of Disruptive Classroom Behavior by Systematically Varying Teacher's Behavior,” Journal of Applied Behavioral Analysis, Vol. 1, 1968, pp. 35–45.

White M. A. “The Ecology of Teacher Verbal Reinforcement,” paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Montreal, August 1973.