Assessment and Accountability from the Policymaker's Perspective

American Educational Research Association. (2000). Position statement of the American Educational Research Association concerning high-stakes testing in preK-12 education. Educational Researcher, 29(8), 24—25.

Becker J. , and Helderman R. S. (2004, January 24). Va. delegates denounce Bush education law. The Washington Post, pp. A1, A14.

Brownstein R. (2001, July 24). Belatedly, a front is forming to fight education legislation. The Los Angeles Times, p. A14.

Roundtable Business . (2001). Assessing and addressing the “testing backlash.” Washington, DC: Author.

Center on Education Policy. (2003). State high school exit exams put to the test. Washington, DC: Author.

Center on Education Policy. (2004). From the capital to the classroom. Washington, DC: Author.

Cohen D. K. , and Hill H. C. (2001). Learning policy. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

De Neufville J.I. , and Barton S. E. (1987). Myths and the definition of policy problems. Policy Sciences, 20, 181—206.

Downs A. (1957). An economic theory of democracy. New York: Harper and Row.

Elam S. M. , Rose L. C. , and Gallup A. M. (1996). The 28th Annual Phi Delta Kappa/Gallup poll of the public's attitudes toward the public schools. Phi Delta Kappan, 78(1), 41—59.

Firestone W. A. , Mayrowetz D. , and Fairman J. (1998). Performance-based assessment and instructional change: The effects of testing in Maine and Maryland. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 20(2), 95—113.

Fuller B. , Hayward G. , and Kirst M. (1998). Californians speak on education and reform options. Berkeley: Policy Analysis for California Education.

Gewertz C. (2003, November 26). Educators endorse rules on accountability. Education Week, 23(13), 16.

GI Forum et al. v. Texas Education Agency et al., 87 F. Supp. 2d 667 (W.D. Tex. 2000).

Gormley W. T. Jr. , and Weimer D. L. (1999). Organizational report cards. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Greenberger S. S. (2000, October 24). Critics intensify MCAS battle ballot questions, association vote are focus of effort. Boston Globe, p. B1.

Gruber J. E. (1987). Controlling bureaucracies: Dilemmas in democratic governance. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Hart P. D. , and Teeter R. M. (2004, July). Equity and adequacy: Americans speak on public school funding: A national public opinion survey conducted for the Educational Testing Service. Retrieved August 24, 2004, from http://www.tc.columbia.edu/Hechinger.

Heubert J. P. , and Hauser R. M. (Eds.). (1999). High stakes: Testing for tracking, promotion, and graduation. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.

Hochschild J. , and Scott B. (1998). Trends: Governance and reform of public education in the United States. Public Opinion Quarterly, 62(1), 79—120.

Immerwahr J. (1997). What our children need: South Carolinians look at public education. New York: Public Agenda.

Johnson J. , and Immerwahr J. (1994). First things first: What Americans expect from the public schools. New York: Public Agenda.

Kingdon J. W. (1993). Politicians, self-interest, and ideas. In Marcus G.E. , and Hanson R.L. (Eds.), Reconsidering the democratic public (pp. 73—89). College Station: Pennsylvania State University Press.

Koretz D. M. , and Barron S. J. (1998). The validity of gains in scores on the Kentucky Instructional Results Information System (KIRIS). Santa Monica, CA: RAND.

Koretz D. M. , McCaffrey D. F. , and Hamilton L. S. (2001, April). Toward a framework for validating gains under high-stakes conditions. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, Seattle, April.

Linn R. L. (2000). Assessments and accountability. Educational Researcher, 29(2), 4—16.

Linn R. L. , Baker E. L. , and Betebenner D. W. (2002). Accountability systems: Implications of requirements of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001. Educational Researcher, 31(6), 3—16.

Manzo K. K. (2001, May 16). Protests over state testing widespread. Education Week, 20(36), 1, 26.

Insight Mass . (1997). Education reform: The public's view of standards and tests. Cambridge, MA: Author.

McDonnell L. M. (1994). Policymakers’ views of student assessment. Santa Monica, CA: RAND.

McDonnell L. M. (2002). Accountability as seen through a political lens. In Hamilton L.S. , Stecher B.M. , and Klein S.P. (Eds.), Making sense of test-based accountability in education (pp. 101—120). Santa Monica, CA: RAND.

McDonnell L. M. (2004). Politics, persuasion, and educational testing. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

McDonnell L. M. , McLaughlin M. J. , and Morison P. (Eds.). (1997). Educating one and all: Students with disabilities and standards-based reform. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

McLaughlin M. W. (1987). Learning from experience: Lessons from policy implementation. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 9(2), 171—178.

Mehrens W. A. (1998). Consequences of assessment: What is the evidence? Education Policy Analysis Archives, 6(13). Retrieved May 13, 2002, from http//ericae.net/ericdc/EJ582965.htm

Moe T. M. (2000). The two democratic purposes of public education. In McDonnell L.M. , Timpane P.M. , and Benjamin R. (Eds.), Rediscovering the democratic purposes of education (pp. 127—147). Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.

Nather D. (2001). Student-testing drive marks an attitude shift in Congress. CQ Weekly, June 30, 1560—1566.

No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, Pub. L. No. 107-110, 115 Stat. 1425 (2002).

NPR Online. (1999). NPR/Kaiser/Kennedy School education survey. Retrieved May 10, 2002, from http://www.npr.org/programs/specials/poll/education/education.results.html

Peterson P. E. , and West M. R. (Eds.). (2003). No child left behind? The politics and practice of school accountability. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.

Agenda Public . (2000). Survey finds little sign of backlash against academic standards or standardized tests. Retrieved June 19, 2001, from http://www.publicagenda.org/issues/pcc_detail

Rhoades K. , and Madaus G. (2003). Errors in standardized tests: A systemic problem. Boston, MA: National Board on Educational Testing and Public Policy, Boston College.

Rose L. C. , and Gallup A. M. (2000). The 32nd annual Phi Delta Kappa/Gallup poll of the public's attitudes toward the public schools. Phi Delta Kappan, 82(1), 41—57.

Rose L. C. , and Gallup A. M. (2001). The 33rd annual Phi Delta Kappa/Gallup poll of the public's attitudes toward the public schools. Phi Delta Kappan, 83(1), 41—48.

Rose L. C. , and Gallup A. M. (2003). The 35th annual Phi Delta Kappa/Gallup poll of the public's attitudes toward the public schools. Phi Delta Kappan, 85(1), 41—56.

Rose L. C. , and Gallup A. M. (2004). The 36th annual Phi Delta Kappa/Gallup poll of the public's attitudes toward the public schools. Phi Delta Kappan, 86(1), 41—52.

Schemo D. J. (2004, March 25). 14 states ask U.S. to revise some education law rules. The New York Times, p. A14.

Schrag P. (2000, August). High stakes are for tomatoes. The Atlantic Monthly, 286(2), 19—21.

Stecher B. M. , Barron S. , Kaganoff T. , and Goodwin J. (1998). The effects of standards-based assessment on classroom practices: Results of the 1996–1997 RAND survey of Kentucky teachers of mathematics and writing. CSE Technical Report 482. Los Angeles: National Center for Research on Evaluation, Standards, and Student Testing, University of California.

Teachers vote to let parents decide on tests. (2001, July 8). The New York Times, p. A15.

U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. (1992). Testing in American schools: Asking the right questions. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Washington Post. (2000).Washington Post/Kaiser Family Foundation/Harvard University. Issues I: Education. Retrieved May 10, 2002, from http://www.washington-post.com/wp-srv/politics/polls/vault/stories/data061800.htm

Wolf S. A. , Borko H. , Elliott R. L. , and McIver M. C. (2000). That dog won't hunt! Exemplary school change efforts within the Kentucky reform. American Educational Research Journal, 37(2), 349—393.

Zernike K. (2001, May 4). Suburban mothers succeed in their boycott of an 8th-grade test. The New York Times, p. A19.