From 1973 to 2000, the emerging black union movement in South Africa made efforts to construct a collectivist and democratic organizational culture. The development and decline of this culture correspond with three phases in the history of the black trade union movement. Political and economic changes in the past fifteen years have affected this culture, specifically the unions' political engagement and new pressures arising out of globalization. However, although it is true that union democracy in the South African labor movement is under stress, it is premature to conclude that this labor movement has become oligarchic.
Adler, G.M.1994. "The factory belongs to all who work in it": Race, class and collective action in the South African motor industry, 1967-1986. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Columbia University.
2.
Adler, G., and E. Webster.1995. Challenging transition theory: The labor movement, radical reform, and transition to democracy in South Africa. Politics and Society23 (1): 75-106.
3.
Baskin, J.1991. Striking back: A history of COSATU. Johannesburg, South Africa: Ravan.
4.
Bolsmann, C.H.2005. Trade union internationalism and solidarity in the auto industry: Fighting apartheid and engaging with globalisation. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Warwick.
5.
Buhlungu, S.1994. The big brain drain: Union officials in the 1990s. South African Labour Bulletin18 (3): 25-32.
6.
---. 2001. Democracy and modernisation in the making of the South African trade union movement: The dilemma of leadership, 1973-2000. Unpublished doctoral disseratation, University of the Witwatersrand .
7.
---. 2003. Organisational modernisation and new cleavages among full-time union officials in South Africa. Labour Capital and Society36 (1): 8-39.
8.
---. 2004. The building of the democratic tradition in South Africa's trade unions after 1973. Democratization11:133-58.
9.
---. 2006a. Rebels without a cause of their own? The contradictory location of white officials in black unions in South Africa, 1973-1994. Current Sociology54 (3): 427-51.
10.
---. 2006b. Whose cause and whose history? A response to Maree. Current Sociology54 (3): 469-71.
11.
Collins, D.1994. Worker control. South African Labour Bulletin18 (3): 33-42.
12.
COSATU Commission.2006. COSATU commission report. Johannesburg, South Africa: COSATU Commission.
13.
Fine, A., and E. Webster.1989. Transcending traditions: Trade unions and political unity. In South African review 5, eds. G. Moss and I. Obery.Johannesburg, South Africa: Ravan.
14.
Forrest, K.2000. What happened at VW? South African Labour Bulletin24 (2): 12-20.
15.
Friedman, S.1987. Building tomorrow today: African workers in trade unions, 1970-1984. Johannesburg, South Africa: Ravan.
16.
Keet, D.1992. Shop stewards and worker control. South African Labour Bulletin16 (5): 29-38.
17.
Maree, J.1982. Democracy and oligarchy in trade unions: The independent trade unions in the Transvaal and the Western Province General Workers Union in the 1970s. Social Dynamics8 (1): 41-52.
18.
---. 1992. Developing trade union power and democracy: The rebirth of African trade unions in South Africa in the 1970s. Unpublished manuscript.
19.
---. 2006a. Rebels with causes: White officials in black trade unions in South Africa, 1973-94: A response to Sakhela Buhlungu. Current Sociology54 (3): 453-67.
20.
---. 2006b. Similarities and differences between rebels with and without a cause. Current Sociology54 (3): 473-75.
21.
Marie, B.1992. COSATU faces crisis: "Quick fix" methods and organisational contradictions. South African Labour Bulletin16 (5): 20-26.
22.
Marx, A.1992. Lessons of struggle: South African internal opposition, 1960-1990. New York: Oxford University Press.
23.
Metal and Allied Workers' Union.1975. MAWU report to the 4th TUACC council meeting, 24 August 1975 (AH1999/B4.4).
24.
---. 1983. MAWU and the Industrial Council. South African Labour Bulletin8 (5): 48-50.
25.
Mbeki, T.2000. State of the nation address at the opening of Parliament , February 4, 2000.
26.
Mzeku & Others v. Volkswagen SA (Pty) Ltd. & Others.2001. Labour Law Reports8:857-87.
27.
Nkosi, T.1993. Rolling back the gains. The Shopsteward2 (3): 7.
28.
National Union of Metal Workers of South Africa.1995. General secretary's report to NUMSA National Congress . Johannesburg, South Africa: National Union of Metal Workers of South Africa.
29.
---. 2000. Secretariat report (book 4b: organizational), NUMSA 6th National Congress, August 20-24, 2000, Mafikeng. Johannesburg, South Africa: National Union of Metal Workers of South Africa.
30.
Paper, Printing, Wood and Allied Workers' Union.1997. Report to bi-annual national conference, June 26-29, 1997.
31.
Rachleff, P.2000. The current crisis of the South African labor movement . Paper presented at North American Labor History Conference, Detroit, MI, October. http://www.labournet.de/branchen/auto/vw/sa/Rachlef.html.
32.
Rees, R.1992. More workers' control needed. South African Labour Bulletin16 (7): 56-57.
33.
Schreiner, G.1994. Restructuring the labour movement after apartheid. South African Labour Bulletin18 (3): 43-49.
34.
Seidman, G.W.1994. Manufacturing militance: Workers' movements in Brazil and South Africa, 1970-1985. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
35.
The Shopsteward.1992. 1992: Workers talk frankly. The Shopsteward2 (3): 7.
36.
Thompson, E.P.1963. The making of the English working class. New York: Vintage.
37.
Von Holdt, K.1991. The COSATU/ANC alliance: What does COSATU think? South African Labour Bulletin15 (8): 17-29.
38.
Voss, K., and R. Sherman.2000. Breaking the iron law of oligarchy: Union revitalization in the American labor movement. American Journal of Sociology106 (2): 303-49.
39.
Waddington, J., and R. Hoffman.2000. Trade unions in Europe: Reform, organization and restructuring. In Trade unions in Europe: Facing challenges and searching for solutions, eds. J. Waddington and R. Hoffman.Brussels, Belgium: European Trade Union Institute.
40.
Webb, S., and B. Webb. [1897] 1920. Industrial democracy. London: Longmans, Green.
41.
Webster, E.1983. MAWU and the Industrial Council-A comment. South African Labour Bulletin8 (5): 14-19.
42.
---. 1985. Cast in a racial mould: Labour process and trade unionism in the foundries. Johannesburg, South Africa: Ravan.
43.
Wood, G.2003. Solidarity, representivity and accountability: The origins, state and implications of shopfloor democracy with the Congress of South African Trade Unions. Journal of Industrial Relations45 (3): 326-43.
44.
Wood, G., and P. Dibben.2006. Broadening internal democracy with a diverse workforce: Challenges and opportunities. In Trade unions and democracy: COSATU workers political attitudes in South Africa, ed. S. Buhlungu.Cape Town, South Africa: HSRC Press.
