Conflict,Cooperation,or a Colorblind Environment? An Exploratory Study of the Black Legislative Experience on City Councils

Abbe Owen G. Herrnson Paul S. . 2003. Campaign professionalism in state legislative elections. State Politics and Policy Quarterly 2:223–45.

Allison Paul D. 2002. Missing data. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Austin Rory Allan . 2002. Seats that may not matter: Testing for racial polarization in U.S. city councils. Legislative Studies Quarterly 27:481–508.

Barrett Edith J. 1995. The policy priorities of African American women in state legislatures. Legislative Studies Quarterly 20:223–47.

Barrett Edith J. . 1997. Gender and race in the state house: The legislative experience. Social Science Journal 34:131–44.

Bratton Kathleen A. Haynie Kerry L. . 1999. Agenda setting and legislative success in state legislatures: The effects of gender and race. Journal of Politics 61:658–79.

Browning Rufus P. Rogers Marshall Dale Tabb David H. . 1984. Protest is not enough: The struggle of blacks and Hispanics for equality in urban politics. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Bullock Charles S. III . 1989. Symbolics or substance: A critique of the at-large election controversy. State and Local Government Review 21:91–96.

Button James Hedge David 1996. Legislative life in the 1990s. A comparison of black and white state legislators. Legislative Studies Quarterly 21:199–218.

Caldeira Gregory A. Patterson Samuel C. . 1988. Contours of friendship and respect in the legislature. American Politics Quarterly 16:466–85.

Caldeira Gregory A. Clark John A. Patterson Samuel C. . 1993. Political respect in the legislature. Legislative Studies Quarterly 18:3–28.

Clayton Dewey M. Stallings Angela M. . 2000. Black women in Congress: Striking the balance. Journal of Black Studies 30:574–603.

Clemons Michael L. Jones Charles E. . 2000. African American legislative politics in Virginia. Journal of Black Studies 30:744–67.

Cooper Christopher A. Nownes Anthony J. . 2003. Citizen groups in big city politics. State and Local Government Review 35:102–11.

Davidson Chandler Ricardo Fraga Luis . 1988. Slating groups as parties in a “nonpartisan” setting. Western Political Quarterly 41:373–90.

Davidson Roger H. Oleszek Walter J. . 2004. Congress and its members. 9th ed. Washington, DC: CQ Press.

Dennis Christopher . 1990. The election and impact of black school board members: The effect of community racial and political attitudes. State and Local Government Review 22:22–26.

Dillman Don A. 2000. Mail and electronic surveys: The tailored design method. New York: Wiley & Sons.

Downs Anthony . 1957. An economic theory of democracy. New York: Harper and Row.

Eisinger Peter K. 1982. Black employment in municipal jobs: The impact of black political power. American Political Science Review 76:380–92.

Ellison Christopher Powers Daniel 1994. The contact hypothesis and racial attitudes among black Americans. Social Science Quarterly 75:385–400.

Engstrom Richard L. McDonald Michael D. . 1982. The underrepresentation of blacks on city councils: Comparing the structural and socioeconomic explanation for South/non-South differences. Journal of Politics 44:1088–99.

Firebaugh Glenn Davis Kenneth E. . 1988. Trends in antiblack prejudice, 1972–1984: Region and cohort effects. American Journal of Sociology 94:251–72.

Gay Claudine . 2006. Seeing difference: The effect of economic disparity on black attitudes toward Latinos. American Journal of Political Science 50:982–97.

Grose Christian R. 2005. Disentangling constituency and legislator effects in legislative representation: Black legislators or black districts? Social Science Quarterly 86:427–43.

Groves Robert M. 2006. Nonresponse rates and non-response bias in household surveys. Public Opinion Quarterly 70:646–75.

Guinier Lani . 1994. The tyranny of the majority: Fundamental fairness in representative democracy. New York: Martin Kessler.

Hawkesworth Mary . 2003. Congressional enactments of race-gender: Toward a theory of raced-gendered institutions. American Political Science Review 97:529–50.

Hedge David Button James Spear Mary 1996. Accounting for the quality of black legislative life: A view from the states. American Journal of Political Science 40:82–98.

Holmes Robert A. 2000. The Georgia legislative black caucus: An analysis of a racial legislative subgroup. Journal of Black Studies 30:768–90.

Honaker James King Gary Blackwell Matthew 2009. AMELIA II: A program for missing data. Version 1.2–3 gking.harvard.edu. Accessed May 4.

Ihrke Douglas Proctor Rick Gabris Jerry 2003. Understanding innovation in municipal government: City council member perspectives. Journal of Urban Affairs 25:79–90.

International City/County Management Association. 2001. Municipal form of government, 2001: Trends in structure, responsibility, and composition. Washington, DC: International City/County Management Association.

Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies. 2002. Black elected officials: A national roster. Washington, DC: Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies.

Jones Clinton B. 1976. The impact of local election systems on black political representation. Urban Affairs Quarterly 11:345–56.

Karnig Albert K. McClain Paula D. . 1985. The new South and black economic and political development: Changes from 1970 to 1980. Western Political Quarterly 38:539–50.

Karnig Albert K. Welch Susan 1980. Black representation and urban policy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Keller Edmond J. 1978. The impact of black mayors on urban policy. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences 439 (September): 40–52.

King Gary Honaker James Joseph Anne Scheve Kenneth 2001. Analyzing incomplete political science data: An alternative algorithm for multiple imputation. American Political Science Review 95:49–69.

King Gary Tomz Michael Wittenberg Jason 2000. Making the most of statistical analyses: Improving interpretation and presentation. American Journal of Political Science 44:341–55.

Kuklinski James H. Cobb Michael D. Gilens Martin 1997. Racial attitudes in the “New South.” Journal of Politics 59:323–49.

Legette Willie M. 2000. The South Carolina Legislative Black Caucus, 1970 to 1988. Journal of Black Studies 30:839–58.

Levin Shana van Laar Colette Sidanius Jim . 2003. The effects of ingroup and outgroup friendship on ethnic attitudes in college: A longitudinal study. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations 6:76–92.

MacManus Susan A. 1999. The resurgent city councils. In American state and local politics: Directions for the 21st Century, ed. Weber Ronald E. Brace Paul , 166–93. New York: Chatham House.

Mansbridge Jane . 1999. Should blacks represent blacks and women represent women? A contingent “yes.” Journal of Politics 61:629–57.

McClain Paula D. 1993. The changing dynamics of urban politics: Black and Hispanic municipal employment—Is there competition? Journal of Politics 55:399–414.

McClain Paula D. Karnig Albert K. . 1990. Black and Hispanic socioeconomic political competition. American Political Science Review 84:535–45.

McKelvey Richard . 1976. Intransitivities in multidimensional voting models. Journal of Economic Theory 12:472–82.

Meier Kenneth J. England Robert E. . 1984. Black representation and educational policy: Are they related? American Political Science Review 78:392–403.

Meier Kenneth J. Gonzalez Juenke Eric Wrinkle Robert D. Polinard J. L. . 2005. Structural choices and representational biases: The post-election color of representation. American Journal of Political Science 49:758–68.

Meier Kenneth J. McClain Paula D. Polinard J. L. Wrinkle Robert D. . 2004. Divided or together? Conflict between African Americans and Latinos. Political Research Quarterly 57: 399–409.

Montgomery Andrew C. Crittenden Kathleen S. . 1977. Improving coding reliability for open-ended questions. Public Opinion Quarterly 41:235–43.

Orey Byron D'Andra . 2000. Black legislative politics in Mississippi. Journal of Black Studies 30:791–814.

Preuhs Robert R. 2006. The conditional effects of minority descriptive representation: Black legislators and policy influence in the American states. Journal of Politics 68:585–99.

Saltzstein Grace Hall . 1989. Black mayors and police policies. Journal of Politics 51:525–44.

Schafer Joseph L. Olsen Maren K. . 1998. Multiple imputation for multivariate missing-data problems: A data analyst's perspective. Multivariate Behavioral Research 33:545–71.

Schuman Howard Bobo Lawrence 1988. Survey-based experiments on white racial attitudes toward residential integration. American Journal of Sociology 94:273–99.

Sigelman Lee Welch Susan 1993. The contact hypothesis revisited: Black-white interaction and positive racial attitudes. Social Forces 71:781–95.

Smith A. Wade . 1981. Racial tolerance as a function of group position. American Sociological Review 46:558–73.

Stewart Joseph Jr. England Robert E. Meier Kenneth J. . 1989. Black representation in urban school districts: From school board to office to classroom. Western Political Quarterly 42:287–305.

Swain Carol M. 1995. Black faces, black interests: The representation of African Americans in Congress. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Taebel Delbert . 1978. Minority representation on city councils: The impact of structure on blacks and Hispanics. Social Science Quarterly 59:142–52.

Tolbert Caroline J. Grummel John A. . 2003. Revisiting the racial threat hypothesis: White voter support for California's Proposition 209. State Politics and Policy Quarterly 3:183–202.

Tomz Michael Wittenberg Jason King Gary 2003. CLARIFY: Software for interpreting and presenting statistical results. Version 2.1. Stanford University, University of Wisconsin, and Harvard University. gking.harvard.edu. Accessed January 5.

Tropp Linda R. Pettigrew Thomas F. . 2005. Intergroup contact and prejudice among minority and majority status groups. Psychological Science 16:951–57.

Tuch Steven A. 1987. Urbanism, region, and tolerance revisited: The case of racial prejudice. American Sociological Review 52:504–10.

Tucker Harvey J. Harmon Zeigler L. . 1978. Responsiveness in public school districts: A comparative analysis of boards of education. Legislative Studies Quarterly 3:213–37.

Walton Haynes Jr. 1985. Invisible politics: Black political behavior. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.