This paper considers the appropriateness of development model perspectives compared to cyclical frameworks of economic change, particularly for periods of economic decline. As a touchstone of broader processes, an occupational composition scale is employed. This represents human capital aspects of change, and includes as components occupation and economic activity of employment. Empirical focus is on mutations between 1982 and 1990 at the national level, by gender, and for regions within Ecuador. Results indicate that understanding change during periods of economic devolution is better achieved with economic cycle, than with development perspectives, but both offer critical insights. This implies an opportunity to meld these frameworks to more fully embrace ongoing processes in Third World settings.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Beneria, L.
, and S. Feldman, eds. 1992. Unequal Burden: Economic Crises, Persistent Poverty, and Women s Work. Boulder: Westview.
2.
Berry, B. J. L.1991. Long-Wave Rhythms in Economic Development and Political Behavior. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
3.
Bourguignon, F.
, J. de Melo, and C. Morrisson. 1991. Poverty and Income Distribution During Adjustment: Issues and Evidence from the OECD Project. World Development19: 1485-1508.
4.
Bromley R.
, and C. Birkbeck. 1988. Urban Economy and Employment. In The Geography of the Third World: Progress and Prospect, ed. M. Pacione. London: Routledge.
5.
Brown, L. A.1991. Place, Migration, and Development in the Third World: An Alternative View. London: Routledge.
6.
Brown, L. A.
, J. A. Brea, and A. R. Goetz. 1988. Policy Aspects of Development and Individual Mobility: Migration and Circulation from Ecuador's Rural Sierra. Economic Geography64: 147-170.
7.
Brown, L. A.
, S. Digiacinto, R. Sierra, and W. R. Smith. 1996. Frameworks of Urban System Evolution in Frontier Settings and the Ecuador Amazon. In Frontiers in Regional Development, eds. Y. Gradus and H. Lithwick. Latham: Rowman Littlefield.
8.
Brown, L. A.
, J. L. Mandel, and V. A. Lawson. 1995. The Uprooting of People, Migration, and Labor Force Experiences: Ecuador 1982 and 1990. Journal fuer Entwicklungspolitik11: 331-348.
9.
Brown, L. A.
, R. Sierra, S. Digiacinto, and W. R. Smith. 1994. Urban-System Evolution in Frontier Settings. Geographical Review84: 249-265.
10.
Cagatay, N.
, D. Elson, and C. Grown. 1995. Introduction to Special Issue on Gender, Adjustment, and Macroeconomics. World Development23: 1827-1836.
11.
Casetti, E.
, L. King, and D. Jeffrey. 1971. Structural Imbalance in the U.S. Urban-Economic System, 1960-1965. Geographical Analysis3: 239-255.
12.
Chisholm, M.1990. Regions in Recession and Resurgence. London: Unwin Hyman.
13.
Cornia, G. A.
, R. Jolly, and F. Stewart, eds. 1987. Adjustment with a Human Face. Vol. 1 of Protecting the Vulnerable and Promoting Growth. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
14.
Cubitt, T.1995. Latin American Society. 2d ed.New York: John Wiley.
15.
DeSoto, H.1989. The Other Path. The Invisible Revolution in the Third World. New York: Harper and Row.
16.
Duncan, O. D.1961. A Socioeconomic Index for All Occupations. In Occupations and Social Status, eds. A.J. Reiss, O.D. Duncan, P.K. Hatt, and C.C. North. New York: Free Press.
17.
Earle, C.1977. The First English Towns of North America. Geographical Review67: 34-50.
18.
Earle, C.1992a. Geographical Inquiry and American Historical Problems. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
19.
Earle, C.1992b. Pioneers of Providence: The Anglo-American Experience, 1492-1792. Annals of the Association of American Geographers82: 478-499.
20.
Earle, C.
, and C. Cao. 1993. Frontier Closure and the Involution of American Society, 1840-1890. Journal of the Early Republic13: 163-179.
21.
Elson, D.1992. Male Bias in Structural Adjustment. In Women and Adjustment Policies in the Third World, eds. H. Afshar and C. Dennis. New York: St. Martin's Press.
22.
Faulkner, A.
and V. A. Lawson. 1991. Employment Versus Empowerment: A Case Study of the Nature of Women's Work in Ecuador. Journal of Development Studies27: 16-47.
23.
Gibbon, P.1993. Introduction: Economic Reform and Social Change in Africa. In Social Change and Economic Reform in Africa. ed P. Gibbon. Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet.
24.
Gober, P.1993. Americans on the Move. Washington: Population Reference Bureau, Population Bulletin 48-3.
25.
Haddad, L.
, L. R. Brown, A. Richter, and L. Smith. 1995. The Gender Dimensions of Economic Adjustment: Potential Interactions and Evidence to Date. World Development23: 881-896.
26.
Hanratty, D. M.
, ed. 1991. Ecuador. A Country Study. Washington: Library of Congress, Area Handbook Series.
27.
Jones, D. W.1983. Mechanisms for Geographical Transmission of Economic Fluctuations. Annals of the Association of American Geographers73: 35-50.
28.
Kaufman, B. E.1991. The Economics of Labor Markets. 3d ed.Chicago: Dryden Press.
29.
Krakover, S.
, and R. L. Morrill. 1992. Long-Wave Spatial and Economic Relationships in Urban Development. In Applications of the Expansion Method, eds. J.P. Jones III and E. Casetti. London: Routledge.
30.
Lawson, V. A.1990. Workforce Fragmentation in Latin America and its Empirical Manifestations in Ecuador. World Development18: 641-657.
31.
Mazumdar, V.
, and K. Sharma. 1990. The Sexual Division of Labor and Subordination of Women: A Reappraisal of India. In Persistent Inequalities: Women and World Development, ed. I. Tinker. New York: Oxford University Press.
32.
Markusen, A. R.1985. Profit Cycles, Oligopoly, and Regional Development. Cambridge: MIT Preis.
33.
Moser, C.1992. Adjustment from Below: Low-Income Women, Time and the Triple Role in Guayaquil, Ecuador. In Women and Adjustment Policies in the Third World, eds. H. Afshar and C. Dennis. New York: St. Martin's Press.
34.
Parcel, T. L.
, and C. W. Mueller. 1983. Occupational Differentiation, Prestige, and Socioeconomic Status. Work and Occupations10: 49-80.
35.
Portes, A.1985. Latin American Class Structure. Latin American Research Review20: 7-39.
36.
Portes, A.
, M. Castells, and L. A. Benton, eds. 1989. The Informal Economy: Studies in Advanced and Less Developed Countries. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
37.
Portes, A.
, J. Itzigsohn, and C. Dore-Cabral. 1994. Urbanization in the Caribbean Basin: Social Change During the Years of the Crisis. Latin American Research Review29: 3-37.
38.
Rakowski, C. A.
, ed. 1994a. Contrapunto: The Informal Sector Debate in Latin America. Albany: State University of New York Press.
39.
Rakowski, C. A.1994b. Convergence and Divergence in the Informal Sector Debate: A Focus on Latin America: 1984-92. World Development22: 501-516.
40.
Rodwin, L.
, and H. Sazanami, eds. 1989. Deindustrialization and Regional Economic Transformation: The Experience of the United States. Boston: Unwin Hyman.
41.
Scott, A. M.1986. Industrialization, Gender Segregation, and Stratification Theory. In Gender and Stratification, eds. R. Crompton and M. Mann. Cambridge: Polity Press.
42.
Todaro, M. P.1994. Economic Development in the Third World. 5th ed.New York: Longman.
43.
Treiman, D. J.1977. Occupational Prestige in Comparative Perspective. New York: Academic Press.
44.
Wilber, C. K.
, and K. P. Jameson. 1988. Paradigms of Economic Development and Beyond. In The Political Economy of Development and Underdevelopment, ed. C. K. Wilber. 4th ed.New York: Random House.
45.
World Bank
. 1990. World Development Report 1990: Poverty. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
46.
Wright, E.
, C. Costello, D. Hachen, and J. Sprague. 1982. The American Class Structure. American Sociological Review47: 709-726.
